tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-11847749772644120312024-03-14T00:23:56.881-07:00Postcards from my MailboxFar From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.comBlogger533125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-81351897972648351422018-12-01T03:43:00.000-08:002018-12-01T03:45:23.556-08:00Baroque<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Built in 1885, the Barasoain church belongs to the typical Church-Convento-Patio mission churches built by the Spanish friars in the Philippines. Strongly of the Eclectic architectural style (late 1800s), its builder selected to adopt elementary and well defined lines following the period’s trends. Various European historical styles, predominantly Baroque revival, were employed. The eclectic composition made use of the Early Renaissance technique of transfiguring the classical temple form into a new shape, in the case of Barasoain, into a Baroque oval-based design of the church facade. Then details and elements from Romanesque and Neo-classic styles were proportionally copied with delicate balance onto the basic façade outline.</div>
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The architectural design was an austere version of the magnanimous European Baroque and Neo-Classic buildings built by master architects. Since Roman Catholic churches in the Philippines were built by missionaries, not master architects, obviously there was less articulation.</div>
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The Church of Our Lady of the Assumption <i>(Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion)</i>, commonly known as the Santa Maria Church is the parish church of Santa Maria in Ilocos Sur province, Philippines. The church was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on December 11, 1993 as part of the Baroque Churches of the Philippines, a collection of four Baroque Spanish-era churches.</div>
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The Santa Maria Church is an attraction to both tourists and Catholics in Ilocos Sur. It is not only a reminiscent of the four centuries of Spanish domination of that area but also a unique structure with a diversified architectural design of bricks and mortar. It was built on top of a hill not only as a lookout and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Citadel">citadel</a> but as a religious center during the early administration of the region by both the friars and soldiers of Spain.</div>
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Other Roman ensembles of the Baroque and Late Baroque period are likewise suffused with theatricality and, as urban theatres, provide points of focus within their locality in the surrounding cityscape.</div>
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Probably the most well known example of such an approach is Saint Peter's Square, which has been praised as a masterstroke of Baroque theatre. The piazza, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, is formed principally by two colonnades of free standing columns centred on an Egyptian obelisk.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">As completed, the overriding exterior form of the Winter Palace's architecture, with its decoration in the form of statuary and opulent stucco work on the pediments above façades and windows, is Baroque. The exterior has remained as finished during the reign of </span>Empress Elizabeth<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. The principal façades, those facing the Palace Square and the Neva river, have always been accessible and visible to the public. Only the lateral façades are hidden behind </span>granite<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> walls, concealing a garden created during the reign of </span>Nicholas II<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The building was conceived as a town palace, rather than a private palace within a park, such as that of the French kings at </span>Versailles<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The architectural theme continues throughout the interior of the palace. The first floor, being the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_nobile" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Piano nobile">piano nobile</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, is distinguished by windows taller than those of the floors above and below. Each window is divided from its neighbour by a </span>pilaster<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. The repetitive monotony of the long elevations is broken only by symmetrically placed slightly projecting bays, many with their own small </span>portico<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. This theme has been constant during all subsequent rebuilding and alterations to the palace. The only external changes have been in colour: at various times in its history the palace has been painted different shades. In the eighteenth century, the palace was painted straw yellow with white and gilded ornament. Under Nicholas I in 1837, it was painted a dull red, which it remained through the revolution and early Soviet period. Following the restoration work after World War II, it was painted green with the ornament depicted in white, the standard Soviet color scheme for Baroque buildings. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Padula Charterhouse, in Italian Certosa di Padula (<i>or Certosa di San Lorenzo di Padula</i>), is a large Carthusian monastery, or charterhouse, located in the town of Padula, in the Cilento National Park, (near Salerno) in Southern Italy. It is a World Heritage Site. </span>The monastery is the largest in Italy. Its building history covers 450 years, but the principal parts of the buildings are in Baroque style. It is a very large monastery, comprising 51,500 m<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">² (12.7 acres), with 320 rooms and halls.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The fine example of the baroque architecture is decorated with rich fretwork and sculptures by sketches of artists M.O. Mikeshin. The mansion was built by merchant S.M. Rukavishnikov in 1877. The museum of regional history was open here upon an initiative of the Rukavishnikov family in 1918. In 1959 it was granted the status of State historical-architecture museum-reserve.</span></div>
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Istanbul<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, once the capital of the Ottoman Empire, hosts many different varieties of Baroque architecture. As reforms and innovations to modernize the country came out in 18th and 19th century, various architecture styles were used in Turkey, one of them was the Baroque Style. As </span>Turkish architecture<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (which is also a combination of </span>Islamic<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and </span>Byzantine architecture<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">) combined with Baroque, a new style called Ottoman Baroque appeared. Baroque architecture is mostly seen in mosques and palaces built in this centuries. The </span>Ortaköy Mosque<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, is one of the best examples of the Ottoman Baroque architecture.</span></div>
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The City Hal<b>l</b> of the borough of Bilbao, Spain, is located on the right bank of the Estuary of Bilbao across the Puente del Ayuntamiento bascule bridge that links it to the central Abando district. The building was built in 1892 by Joaquín Rucoba, on the former site of a convent in the district of Uribarri. It was built in Baroque style. One of the highlights of the building is the Arab Hall, a richly decorated hall in the Neo-Mudéjar style that resembles the decorations found in the Alhambra of Granada. The hall is used for official receptions and weddings.</div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com20tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-73321711036202016602017-12-29T01:59:00.000-08:002017-12-29T03:16:27.414-08:00American Samoa<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sent from country of origin. Thank you Arnold.</td></tr>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-1321578082310774202017-12-28T01:58:00.000-08:002017-12-29T03:38:18.143-08:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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District of Colombia , US Federal District</div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-24267471420641562162017-12-27T13:59:00.000-08:002019-09-22T14:01:48.184-07:00Guam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-66373519682935184002017-11-14T11:51:00.000-08:002018-12-12T00:49:10.103-08:00RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>INTRODUCTION</b></div>
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Renaissance Architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 14th and early 17th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture and was succeeded by Baroque architecture. Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities. The style was carried to France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact.</div>
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Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>RENAISSANCE CEILING </b><br />Roofs are fitted with flat or </span>coffered<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> ceilings. They are not left open as in Medieval architecture. They are frequently painted or decorated. A god example of which is the Sistine Chapel ceiling.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sistine Chapel ceiling</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, painted by</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span>Michelangelo<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">between 1508 and 1512, is a cornerstone work of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span>High Renaissance <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance art">art</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The ceiling is that of the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sistine Chapel</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, the large papal chapel built within the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Vatican</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">between 1477 and 1480 by</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Pope Sixtus IV</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, for whom the chapel is named. It was painted at the commission of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Pope Julius II</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. The chapel is the location for</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">papal conclaves</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and many other important services</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g9hyU-mk4hE/Wgw3EZYn6nI/AAAAAAAAMcU/G1K7QOQPrAI-n4Sexk6ayaz6f5nqUf6ngCLcBGAs/s1600/renaissance-2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1123" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-g9hyU-mk4hE/Wgw3EZYn6nI/AAAAAAAAMcU/G1K7QOQPrAI-n4Sexk6ayaz6f5nqUf6ngCLcBGAs/s320/renaissance-2.gif" width="224" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /><br /><br /><br />Courses, mouldings and all decorative details are carved with great precision. Studying and mastering the details of the ancient Romans was one of the important aspects of Renaissance theory. The different orders each required different sets of details. Some architects were stricter in their use of classical details than others, but there was also a good deal of innovation in solving problems, especially at corners. Mouldings stand out around doors and windows rather than being recessed, as in Gothic Architecture. Sculptured figures may be set in niches or placed on plinths. They are not integral to the building as in Medieval architecture.</span></div>
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<b style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">RENAISSANCE WALL </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">External walls are generally constructed of brick, rendered, or faced with stone in highly finished </span>ashlar<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"> masonry, laid in straight courses. The corners of buildings are often emphasised by rusticated </span>quoins<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">. Basements and ground floors were often rusticated, as at the </span>Palazzo Medici Riccardi<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"> (1444–1460) in Florence. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Internal walls are smoothly plastered and surfaced with </span>lime wash<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. For more formal spaces, internal surfaces are decorated with </span>frescoes<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qliqRFqXndA/Wb6AzqIocJI/AAAAAAAAMYg/YvIXIUB6QsMmVOzZo0Hh8qS-KI9gNl6LgCLcBGAs/s1600/THE%2BDOME%252C%2BST%2BPETER%2BBASILICA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-qliqRFqXndA/Wb6AzqIocJI/AAAAAAAAMYg/YvIXIUB6QsMmVOzZo0Hh8qS-KI9gNl6LgCLcBGAs/s640/THE%2BDOME%252C%2BST%2BPETER%2BBASILICA.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>THE DOME, ST. PETER'S BASILICA</b><br /><br />In Renaissance Architecture, the dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior, and also as a means of roofing smaller spaces where they are only visible internally. After the success of the dome in Brunelleschi’s design for the </span>Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and its use in Bramante’s plan for </span>St. Peter's Basilica<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (1506) in Rome, the dome became an indispensable element in church architecture and later even for secular architecture, such as Palladio's </span>Villa Rotonda<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <br /><br />
The dome of St. Peter's rises to a total height of 136.57 metres (448.1 ft) from the floor of the basilica to the top of the external cross. It is the tallest dome in the world.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Its internal diameter is 41.47 metres (136.1 ft), slightly smaller than two of the three other huge domes that preceded it, those of the </span>Pantheon<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> of </span>Ancient Rome<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, 43.3 metres (142 ft), and </span>Florence Cathedral<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> of the </span>Early Renaissance<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, 44 metres (144 ft). It has a greater diameter by approximately 30 feet (9.1 m) than Constantinople's </span>Hagia Sophia<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> church, completed in 537. It was to the domes of the Pantheon and Florence </span>duomo<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> that the architects of St. Peter's looked for solutions as to how to go about building what was conceived, from the outset, as the greatest dome of </span>Christendom<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-76HisZhQPdc/WbPe8QNIZlI/AAAAAAAAMYQ/pgimMtbw-wwXEBsJsXbYaqREwEn0FPE2wCLcBGAs/s1600/Chateau%2Bof%2BLitomysyl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-76HisZhQPdc/WbPe8QNIZlI/AAAAAAAAMYQ/pgimMtbw-wwXEBsJsXbYaqREwEn0FPE2wCLcBGAs/s640/Chateau%2Bof%2BLitomysyl.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"><b>LITOMYSIL CASTLE</b><br /><br />It</span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"> </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">is one of the biggest </span>Renaissance<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> castles in the </span>Czech Republic<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. It is owned by the Czech state. It is located in the centre the town of </span>Litomyšl<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and was declared a </span>UNESCO<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Site in 1999. Litomyšl Castle is an outstanding example of the </span>arcade castle<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> a type of building first developed in </span>Italy<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and modified in the Czech lands to create an evolved form of special architectural quality.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span>High-Baroque<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> features were added to this castle in the 18th century.</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3YW_EXl06xM/WZWj2022IMI/AAAAAAAAMW8/tTLb7ts187QbySAw0ErO-l_PUZ2puXzaACLcBGAs/s1600/HEIDELBERG%2BCASTLE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-3YW_EXl06xM/WZWj2022IMI/AAAAAAAAMW8/tTLb7ts187QbySAw0ErO-l_PUZ2puXzaACLcBGAs/s640/HEIDELBERG%2BCASTLE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>HEIDELBERG CASTLE</b> <br />
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It is a ruin in Germany and landmark of Heidelberg. The castle ruins are among the most important Renaissance structures north of the Alps.</div>
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The castle has only been partially rebuilt since its demolition in the 17th and 18th centuries. It is located 80 metres (260 ft) up the northern part of the Königstuhl hillside, and thereby dominates the view of the old downtown. It is served by an intermediate station on the Heidelberger Bergbahn funicular railway that runs from Heidelberg's Kornmarkt to the summit of the Königstuhl.</div>
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The earliest castle structure was built before 1214 and later expanded into two castles circa 1294; however, in 1537, a lightning bolt destroyed the upper castle. The present structures had been expanded by 1650, before damage by later wars and fires. In 1764, another lightning bolt caused a fire which destroyed some rebuilt sections.</div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VjW2tlGhSY0/WZmJDjEFi0I/AAAAAAAAMXQ/vomFDvDHDEgB6_IMt13H6DihHSmK1IriQCLcBGAs/s1600/Antwerp%2BCity%2BHall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VjW2tlGhSY0/WZmJDjEFi0I/AAAAAAAAMXQ/vomFDvDHDEgB6_IMt13H6DihHSmK1IriQCLcBGAs/s640/Antwerp%2BCity%2BHall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Stadhuis (City Hall) of <span style="background-color: transparent;">Antwerp</span>, <span style="background-color: transparent;">Belgium</span>, stands on the western side of Antwerp's <i>Grote Markt</i> (Great Market Square). Erected between 1561 and 1565 after designs made by <span style="background-color: transparent;">Cornelis Floris de Vriendt</span> and several other architects and artists, this <span style="background-color: transparent;">Renaissance </span>building incorporates both <span style="background-color: transparent;">Flemish</span> and <span style="background-color: transparent;">Italian</span> influences. The Stadhuis is inscribed on <span style="background-color: transparent;">UNESCO</span>'s <span style="background-color: transparent;">World Heritage List</span> along with the <span style="background-color: transparent;">belfries of Belgium and France</span>.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The richly ornamented central section, which rises above the eaves in diminishing stages, holds female statues representing <span style="background-color: transparent;">Justice</span>, <span style="background-color: transparent;">Prudence</span>, and the <span style="background-color: transparent;">Virgin Mary</span>, and bears the <span style="background-color: transparent;">coats of arms</span> of the <span style="background-color: transparent;">Duchy of Brabant</span>, the <span style="background-color: transparent;">Spanish Habsburgs</span>, and the <span style="background-color: transparent;">Margraviate of Antwerp</span>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: rgba(255 , 255 , 255 , 0.8); font-family: "lucida grande" , "verdana" , "lucida" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;"><b>CHATEAU BLOIS</b></span><br />
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Dominating the Loire River, the royal castle of Blois is not only one of the most prestigious Renaissance monuments in France but also a brilliant illustration of the evolution of the French architecture from the Middle ages to the 17th century.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q0IBrYaOxlE/WZmJEkO5wxI/AAAAAAAAMXY/6_pwAzu8ruoXMHAc4tiUtrFBVbg-d_cWACLcBGAs/s1600/Wawel%2BCastle%2Bin%2BKrakow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-q0IBrYaOxlE/WZmJEkO5wxI/AAAAAAAAMXY/6_pwAzu8ruoXMHAc4tiUtrFBVbg-d_cWACLcBGAs/s640/Wawel%2BCastle%2Bin%2BKrakow.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>WAWEL CASTLE</b></span><br />
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It is a castle residency located in central Kraków, Poland. Built at the behest of King Casimir III the Great, it consists of a number of structures situated around the Italian-styled main courtyard. The castle, being one of the largest in Poland, represents nearly all European architectural styles of medieval, renaissance and baroque periods. The Wawel Royal Castle and the Wawel Hill constitute the most historically and culturally significant site in the country. In 1978 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of the Historic Centre of Kraków.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nREwssoFATc/WcEkA7CP-YI/AAAAAAAAMY8/_mXYQbRii08AZoxSCPuxK8U4UDXOQaXxQCLcBGAs/s1600/PIESKOWA%2BSKALA%2BCASTLE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nREwssoFATc/WcEkA7CP-YI/AAAAAAAAMY8/_mXYQbRii08AZoxSCPuxK8U4UDXOQaXxQCLcBGAs/s640/PIESKOWA%2BSKALA%2BCASTLE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>PIESKOWA SKALA CASTLE</b><br />
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Polish<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> for </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">Little Dog's Rock</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, is a </span>limestone<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span>cliff<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in the valley of river Prądnik, </span>Poland<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, best known for its </span>Renaissance<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> castle. It is located within the boundaries of the </span>Ojców National Park<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, 27 km north of </span>Kraków<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, near the village of </span>Sułoszowa<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. The castle was first mentioned in Latin documents of </span>Polish<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> king </span>Władysław I the Elbow-high<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">Władysław Łokietek</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">) before 1315, as </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">"castrum Peskenstein"</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LWd--XoLotE/WZmJDi1ExfI/AAAAAAAAMXU/pvEBsJ2qI9sROkAHANgUG-ig6nIoP33GgCLcBGAs/s1600/El%2BEscorial.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-LWd--XoLotE/WZmJDi1ExfI/AAAAAAAAMXU/pvEBsJ2qI9sROkAHANgUG-ig6nIoP33GgCLcBGAs/s640/El%2BEscorial.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>EL ESCORIAL</b> <br /><br />It comprises two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural significance: the royal monastery itself and </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">La Granjilla de La Fresneda</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, a royal hunting lodge and monastic retreat about five kilometres away. These sites have a dual nature; that is to say, during the 16th and 17th centuries, they were places in which the power of the Spanish monarchy </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">and</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> the ecclesiastical predominance of the </span>Roman Catholic<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> El Escorial was, at once, a monastery and a Spanish royal palace. Originally a property of the </span>Hieronymite<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> monks, it is now a monastery of the </span>Order of Saint Augustine<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. It is also a boarding school (Real Colegio de Alfonso XII)</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6eMgUeTDgdA/WgxOKWFVpCI/AAAAAAAAMco/rhZJ3HNPzIIgF1-LVAZ_8Xyuu02U4_G_ACLcBGAs/s1600/ROYAL%2BPALACE%2BOF%2BAMSTERDAM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-6eMgUeTDgdA/WgxOKWFVpCI/AAAAAAAAMco/rhZJ3HNPzIIgF1-LVAZ_8Xyuu02U4_G_ACLcBGAs/s640/ROYAL%2BPALACE%2BOF%2BAMSTERDAM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>THE ROYAL PALACE OF AMSTERDAM</b></div>
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It is situated on the west side of Dam Square in the centre of Amsterdam, opposite the War Memorial and next to the Nieuwe Kerk. The palace was built as a city hall during the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century. The building became the royal palace of King Louis Napoleon and later of the Dutch Royal House.</div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;"><b>ZUIDERKERK (SOUTHERN CHURCH)</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The design of the church in Amsterdam </span>Renaissance<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> style is by </span>Hendrick de Keyser<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> who was also buried in the church in 1621. A memorial stone was placed on top of his tomb in 1921. De Keyser designed the church as a pseudo-</span>basilica<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in </span>Gothic style<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> with a central nave and two lower side aisles, six bays long, with Tuscan columns, timber </span>barrel vaults<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and </span>dormers<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. The stained glass in the rectangular windows was replaced by transparent glass in the 17th Century. The richly detailed tower is a square stone substructure, on which an octagonal sandstone section stands with free-standing columns on the corners. On top of this is a wooden, lead-covered spire.</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E86NYAfHyko/WhbH_g6e4xI/AAAAAAAAMi0/B2wyRH2JN7UHS6dUrntTK1Km0SsSqsREACLcBGAs/s1600/Krakow%2BCloth%2BHall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-E86NYAfHyko/WhbH_g6e4xI/AAAAAAAAMi0/B2wyRH2JN7UHS6dUrntTK1Km0SsSqsREACLcBGAs/s640/Krakow%2BCloth%2BHall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>KRAKOW CLOTH HALL</b><br /><br />It dates to the </span>Renaissance<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and is one of the city's most recognizable icons. It is the central feature of the </span>main market square<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in the </span>Kraków Old Town<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (listed as a </span>UNESCO<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span>World Heritage Site<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> since 1978).</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GhUo4LIRqSE/WgtI6qRViYI/AAAAAAAAMbo/aq6QtW8VQY0WPRB3eD-DarzWCYfJZYQdACLcBGAs/s1600/SIBENIK%2BCATHEDRAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-GhUo4LIRqSE/WgtI6qRViYI/AAAAAAAAMbo/aq6QtW8VQY0WPRB3eD-DarzWCYfJZYQdACLcBGAs/s640/SIBENIK%2BCATHEDRAL.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /><br /><br /><b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />SIBENIK CATHEDRAL</b></span><br />
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The Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik, Croatia is a triple-nave basilica with three apses and a dome (32 m high inside) in the city of Šibenik, Croatia. It is the church of the Catholic Church in Croatia, and the see of the Šibenik diocese. It is also the most important architectural monument of the Renaissance in the entire country. Since 2000, the Cathedral has been on the UNESCO World Heritage List.</div>
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<b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />POZNAN TOWNHALL</b><br />
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is a historic building in the city of Poznań in western Poland, located at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Old_Town" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poznań Old Town">Poznań Old Town</a> in the centre of Old Market Square <i>(Stary Rynek)</i>. It used to serve as the Seat of local government until 1939, and now houses a museum. The town hall was originally built in the late 13th century following the founding of the medieval city in 1253; it was rebuilt in roughly its present-day form, in mannerist style, with an ornate loggia, by Giovanni Battista di Quadro in 1550–1560. The display of mechanical fighting <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Goat">goats</a>, played out daily at noon above the clock on the front wall of the building, is one of the city's main tourist attractions.</div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--2e97bvXFFI/WvM0p5Q7ATI/AAAAAAAAMxs/zkvToxAKZg8le-TVeFdYxZHvHMum6AniQCLcBGAs/s1600/GRANADA%2BCATHEDRAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1280" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--2e97bvXFFI/WvM0p5Q7ATI/AAAAAAAAMxs/zkvToxAKZg8le-TVeFdYxZHvHMum6AniQCLcBGAs/s640/GRANADA%2BCATHEDRAL.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6mJdMn0dkjY/Wgw20sIB74I/AAAAAAAAMcM/atei9AsaXVg96KDWeX_kb6H3VUlQVUWFwCLcBGAs/s1600/HAMBURG%2BTOWN%2BHALL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6mJdMn0dkjY/Wgw20sIB74I/AAAAAAAAMcM/atei9AsaXVg96KDWeX_kb6H3VUlQVUWFwCLcBGAs/s640/HAMBURG%2BTOWN%2BHALL.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b><br /></b><br /><br /><br /><b>HAMBURG TOWNHALL</b><br /><br />On the outside the architectural style is </span>neo-renaissance<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, which is abandoned inside for several historical elements.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> It is one of the few completely preserved buildings of </span>historicism<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in Hamburg.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Built in a period of wealth and prosperity, in which the </span>Kingdom of Prussia<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and its confederates defeated </span>France<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in the </span>Franco-German War<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and the </span>German Empire<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> was formed, the look of the new Hamburg Rathaus was intended to express this wealth and also the independence of the State of Hamburg and Hamburg's republican traditions.</span></div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-4929567664906712142016-11-28T09:55:00.000-08:002017-05-21T09:24:13.135-07:008 December<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-66058952965858722202016-11-28T09:51:00.000-08:002017-05-21T09:23:06.807-07:0012 December<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-3019225302348631682016-11-25T11:37:00.001-08:002018-04-17T13:15:40.913-07:0015 September<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-48497509697980874882016-11-25T11:36:00.000-08:002018-04-17T13:16:24.449-07:0014 September<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-84459586815948381442016-11-25T11:34:00.000-08:002017-05-23T09:43:08.667-07:0018 September<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-43462435663176772042016-11-24T12:14:00.001-08:002016-11-24T12:14:59.100-08:0022 September<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-71310905372319415112016-10-21T00:52:00.002-07:002018-03-24T02:23:47.133-07:00Walt Disney Animated Classics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UwigxzukssU/WAnHWyEK4OI/AAAAAAAALqU/rnEl4I-Fq0AHBXvKpSFpiFk7udRdRF6IwCLcB/s1600/snow%2Bwhite.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UwigxzukssU/WAnHWyEK4OI/AAAAAAAALqU/rnEl4I-Fq0AHBXvKpSFpiFk7udRdRF6IwCLcB/s640/snow%2Bwhite.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Watch the movie trailer.</div>
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<b style="font-weight: bold;">SYNOPSIS</b><b>: </b>Snow White, pursued by a jealous queen, hides with the Dwarfs; the queen soon learns of this and prepares to feed her a poison apple.</div>
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Watch the movie trailer.<br />
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<b style="font-weight: bold;">SYNOPSIS</b><b>: </b>A living puppet, with the help of a cricket as his conscience, must prove himself worthy to become a real boy.</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7G3CnBkkFCU/WAnHv5ZIxJI/AAAAAAAALqc/auGLZ0pWlaAe64wiozd2iSdOulLHeIYngCLcB/s1600/dumbo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7G3CnBkkFCU/WAnHv5ZIxJI/AAAAAAAALqc/auGLZ0pWlaAe64wiozd2iSdOulLHeIYngCLcB/s640/dumbo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Watch the movie trailer.<br />
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<b style="font-weight: bold;">SYNOPSIS</b><b>: </b>Ridiculed because of his enormous ears, a young circus elephant is assisted by a mouse to achieve his full potential.</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L_GZ8KLq45I/WAnH-Shb6uI/AAAAAAAALqg/nJfMPaKG0NopjenbbvAnGapkus-v3icLQCLcB/s1600/cinderella.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-L_GZ8KLq45I/WAnH-Shb6uI/AAAAAAAALqg/nJfMPaKG0NopjenbbvAnGapkus-v3icLQCLcB/s640/cinderella.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Watch the movie trailer.<br />
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<b style="font-weight: bold;">SYNOPSIS</b><b>: </b>When Cinderella's cruel stepmother prevents her from attending the Royal Ball, she gets some unexpected help from the lovable mice Gus and Jaq, and from her Fairy Godmother.<br />
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<b style="font-weight: bold;">SYNOPSIS</b><b>: </b><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">Alice stumbles into the world of Wonderland. Will she get home? Not if the Queen of Hearts has her way.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fbfbfb; color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;"><b style="background-color: transparent;">SYNOPSIS</b><b style="background-color: transparent;">: </b>Adaptation of the fairy tale of the same name. Princess Aurora is cursed by the evil witch Maleficent - who declares that before the sun sets on Aurora's 16th birthday she will die by pricking her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel. To try to prevent this, the king places her into hiding, in the care of three good-natured - but not too bright - fairies.</span></div>
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<b style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">SYNOPSIS</b><b style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">: </b><span style="background-color: #f6f6f5; color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left;">This is the Disney animated tale of the romance between a young American Indian woman named Pocahontas and Capt. John Smith, who journeyed to the New World with other settlers to begin fresh lives. Her powerful father, Chief Powhatan, disapproves of their relationship and wants her to marry a native warrior. Meanwhile, Smith's fellow Englishmen hope to rob the Native Americans of their gold. Can Pocahontas' love for Smith save the day?</span></div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-33971410461136420472016-10-06T13:27:00.001-07:002018-07-27T01:30:15.900-07:00Gothic<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">INTRODUCTION: </span></b></div>
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Gothic architecture is the architecture of the late medieval period, characterized by use of the pointed arch. Other features common to Gothic architecture are the rib vault, buttresses, including flying buttresses; large windows which are often grouped, or have tracery; rose windows, towers, spires and pinnacles; and ornate façades.</div>
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As an architectural style, Gothic developed primarily in ecclesiastical architecture, and its principles and characteristic forms were applied to other types of buildings. Buildings of every type were constructed in the Gothic style, with evidence remaining of simple domestic buildings, elegant town houses, grand palaces, commercial premises, civic buildings, castles, city walls, bridges, village churches, abbey churches, abbey complexes and large cathedrals.</div>
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The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Gothic architecture. The Gothic style is most particularly associated with the great cathedrals of Northern France, the Low Countries, England and Spain, with other fine examples occurring across Europe.</div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><b>LIGHT</b></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"><br />Through the Gothic period, thanks to the versatility of the pointed arch, the structure of Gothic windows developed from simple openings to immensely rich and decorative sculptural designs. The windows were very often filled with stained</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Stained glass"> </a><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: justify;">glass</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> which added a dimension of colour to the light within the building, as well as providing a medium for figurative and narrative art.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1XBt2WGyZ1U/V9Ro3_-WrgI/AAAAAAAALZI/YY9xFvRclf0Yjr9ZLk2AEtLc8wIsNdc6QCLcB/s1600/height.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-1XBt2WGyZ1U/V9Ro3_-WrgI/AAAAAAAALZI/YY9xFvRclf0Yjr9ZLk2AEtLc8wIsNdc6QCLcB/s400/height.gif" width="281" /></a><b style="line-height: 22.4px;">HEIGHT</b></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px;">A characteristic of Gothic architecture is its height, both absolute and in proportion to its width, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Externally, towers and spires </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small, the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture. </span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">The </span><b style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Scott Monument</b><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> is a Viictorian Gothic </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> monument to Scottish author Sir Walter Scott</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">. It is the largest monument to a writer in the world. </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">The tower is 200 feet 6 inches (61.11 m) high, and has a series of viewing platforms reached by a series of narrow spiral staircases giving panoramic views of central Edinburgh and its surroundings. </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="clear: left; color: #252525; display: inline; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />POINTED ARCH</b><br /><br />One of the defining characteristics of Gothic architecture is the pointed or ogival arch. arches of this type were used</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">in the Near East</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> in pre-Islamic</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> as well as Islamic architecture</span><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> before they were employed structurally in medieval architecture, and are thought to have been the inspiration for their use in France.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><b>MAJESTY</b></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">The façade of a large church or cathedral, often referred to as the </span><i style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">West Front</i><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">, is generally designed to create a powerful impression on the approaching worshipper, demonstrating both the might of God and the might of the institution that it represents. One of the best known and most typical of such façades is that of Westminster Abbey.</span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">The West Front of a French cathedral and many English, Spanish and German cathedrals generally have two towers, which, particularly in France, express an enormous diversity of form and decoration.</span></span><br />
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">Rose windows are also often found in the façades of churches of Spain and Italy, but are rarer elsewhere and are not found on the façades of any English Cathedrals.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b-Y71LXNr1I/V_ax813g1dI/AAAAAAAALlg/JofpcgBtkMYdDZwF8wUNBxz5YqP9zCFAACLcB/s1600/pointed-ribbed-vault.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-b-Y71LXNr1I/V_ax813g1dI/AAAAAAAALlg/JofpcgBtkMYdDZwF8wUNBxz5YqP9zCFAACLcB/s400/pointed-ribbed-vault.gif" width="283" /></a><span style="text-align: start;"><b><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />POINTED RIBBED VAULTS</b><br /><br />The Gothic style, when applied to an ecclesiastical</span><span style="text-align: start;"> building, emphasizes verticality and light. This</span><span style="text-align: start;"> appearance was achieved by the development of certain architectural features, which together provided an engineering solution. The structural parts of the building ceased to be its solid walls, and became a stone skeleton comprising clustered columns</span><span style="text-align: start;">, pointed ribbed vauls</span><span style="text-align: start;"> and flying buttresses.</span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JudwAXYR3Mw/WDaokwtlYuI/AAAAAAAALyQ/IGSoy94GoZg5UaAJyMUgEld5LtKY5uJxwCLcB/s1600/rose2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JudwAXYR3Mw/WDaokwtlYuI/AAAAAAAALyQ/IGSoy94GoZg5UaAJyMUgEld5LtKY5uJxwCLcB/s400/rose2.gif" width="400" /></a><b>ROSE WINDOWS </b><span style="text-align: start;"><br /><br />Rose windows are particularly characteristic of Gothic architecture </span><span style="text-align: start;">and may be seen in all the major Gothic Cathedrals of Northern France</span><span style="text-align: start;">. Their origins are much earlier and rose windows may be seen in various forms throughout the Medieval period. Their popularity was revived, with other medieval features, during the Gothic Revival</span><span style="text-align: start;"> of the 19th century so that they are seen in Christian churches all over the world.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity in almost every building. They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>NOTRE-DAME DE PARIS</b>. The Notre-Dame de Paris was among the first buildings in the world to use the flying buttress</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. The building was not originally designed to include the flying buttresses around the choir </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">and nave</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> but after the construction began, the thinner walls grew ever higher and stress fractures began to occur as the walls pushed outward. In response, the cathedral's architects built supports around the outside walls, and later additions continued the pattern.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;"><b>ST. STEPHEN CATHEDRAL OF METZ</b>. Saint-Stephen Cathedral is a Rayonnant Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;"> edifice built with the local yellow Jaumont limestone</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;">. Like in French Gothic architecture,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;"> the building is compact, with slight projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. However, it displays singular, distinctive characteristics in both its ground plan and architecture compared to most of the other cathedrals. </span></div>
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<span class="notranslate" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>ST. EFVRE BASILICA OF NANCY</b>. The basilica is built in the style Gothic lancet style and this honorable proportions: the arrow points to 87 meters for a building a hundred meters long and a nave 24 meters from the ground.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>BASILICA OF ST. QUENTIN</b>. Formerly the Collegiate Church of Saint-Quenin</span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> is a Catholic </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> church in the town of Saint-Quentin, Aisne</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, France. There have been religious buildings on the site since the 4th century AD, which were repeatedly destroyed and rebuilt during the Early Middle Ages.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> The present basilica was constructed in stages between the 12th and 15th centuries. It was severely damaged in World War I </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> (1914–18), and was only reopened in 1956 after extensive reconstruction.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>ANGERS CATHEDRAL</b> . Built between the 11th and 16th Centuries, It was classified in 1862</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">as a national monument of France for its mixture of Romanesque </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> architectural styles, especially the Angevin Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> style, and for the stained glass windows, including the transept's </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">window of Saint Julian</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, considered to be a masterpiece of French 13th century glasswork.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>PAPAL PALACE</b>. With 15,000 m</span><sup style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> of floor space, the Palais (palace) is the largest Gothic palace in all of Europe</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and, due to its many architectural merits, one of the most important in the world. </span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NGmv2wgfyL8/V9OoHYpz31I/AAAAAAAALWw/513E8Vl6HyY2MqmBZW3lrQhu7v2Nh7wdQCLcB/s1600/Papal%2BPalace.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-NGmv2wgfyL8/V9OoHYpz31I/AAAAAAAALWw/513E8Vl6HyY2MqmBZW3lrQhu7v2Nh7wdQCLcB/s640/Papal%2BPalace.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>PAPAL PALACE</b>. Not only it is the final combination the largest Gothic building of the Middle Ages, it is also one of the best examples of the International Gothic architectural style. The construction design was the work of two of France’s best architects, Pierre Peysson and Jean du Louvres and the lavish ornamentation was the work of two of the best students of the School of Siena (Italy), Simone Martini </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and Matteo Giovanetti</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The distinctive characteristic of English cathedrals is their extreme length, and their internal emphasis upon the horizontal, which may be emphasised visually as much or more than the vertical lines. Each English cathedral (with the exception of Salisbury) has an extraordinary degree of stylistic diversity, when compared with most French, German and Italian cathedrals. It is not unusual for every part of the building to have been built in a different century and in a different style, with no attempt at creating a stylistic unity. Unlike French cathedrals, English cathedrals sprawl across their sites, with double transepts projecting strongly and </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Lady Chapels</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> tacked on at a later date, such as at Westminster Abbey. In the west front, the doors are not as significant as in France, the usual congregational entrance being through a side porch. The West window is very large and never a rose, which are reserved for the transept gables. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the crossing and it may be very large and surmounted by a spire. The distinctive English east end is square, but it may take a completely different form. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Eu4D_go74l0/V9OoJgbgmGI/AAAAAAAALW0/GL3ZGEKOzF0WJfvgVjm9_JTTZ_Tb8Rj9ACLcB/s1600/Salisbury%2BCathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Eu4D_go74l0/V9OoJgbgmGI/AAAAAAAALW0/GL3ZGEKOzF0WJfvgVjm9_JTTZ_Tb8Rj9ACLcB/s640/Salisbury%2BCathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>SALISBURY CATHEDRAL</b>. Formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, is an Anglican </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">cathedral in Salisbury</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, England, and one of the leading examples of Early English architecture</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> The main body of the cathedral was completed in only 38 years, from 1220 to 1258. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;">The cathedral has the tallest church spire </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;">in the United Kingdom (123m/404 ft).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>WESTMINSTER ABBEY. </b> Formally titled the Collegiate Church of St. Peter at Westminster</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, is a large, mainly Gothic</span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">abbey church in the City of Westminster</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. It is one of the United Kingdom's most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and burial site for English</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and, later, British</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> monarchs. </span></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Barry" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Sir Charles Barry"><b><span style="color: black;">PALACE OF WESTMINSTER</span></b><span style="color: #0b0080;">. </span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Sir Charles Barry's collaborative design for the Palace of Westminster uses the Perpendicular Gothic</span> <span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">style, which was popular during the 15th century and returned during the Gothic revival </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> of the 19th century. Barry was a classical architect</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, but he was aided by the Gothic architect Augustus Pugin</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. Westminster Hall, which was built in the 11th century and survived the fire of 1834, was incorporated in Barry's design. </span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zYV0dpIK-Aw/V9Oo9w4ZtWI/AAAAAAAALXc/yCjBy8WH60g8kvDBnn5WpA8SuNXvHUK9gCLcB/s1600/tower%2Bbridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zYV0dpIK-Aw/V9Oo9w4ZtWI/AAAAAAAALXc/yCjBy8WH60g8kvDBnn5WpA8SuNXvHUK9gCLcB/s640/tower%2Bbridge.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Barry" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Sir Charles Barry"><b style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">TOWER BRIDGE</span></b><span style="background: none rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;">. </span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The bridge, designed by city architect Horace Jones in collaboration with John Wolfe barry, would eventually be completed in 1894. Five contractors and nearly 450 workers were involved in the construction of the 265 meter long bridge. It took 11,000 tons of steel to build the framework. At the time many people disliked its Victorian Gothic design, but over time the bridge became one of London's most famous symbols.</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oonJZYlSdpQ/V9Pi3CVemHI/AAAAAAAALYI/FbP3Vq5wmygwzYhRctEy1tCzMnqTF0NCACLcB/s1600/GERMANY.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oonJZYlSdpQ/V9Pi3CVemHI/AAAAAAAALYI/FbP3Vq5wmygwzYhRctEy1tCzMnqTF0NCACLcB/s400/GERMANY.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland and Czech Lands</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> is characterized by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The west front generally follows the French formula, but the towers are very much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature. Because of the size of the towers, the section of the façade between them may appear narrow and compressed. The eastern end follows the French form. The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness. This is the case even when, as at Cologne, they have been modelled upon a French cathedral. German cathedrals, like the French, tend not to have strongly projecting transepts. There are also many hall churches </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">(</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Hallenkirchen</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">) without clerestory windows.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In contrast to the Gothic designs found in western Germany and the Czech Lands, which followed the French formula; Brick Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> was particularly prevalent in Poland and northern Germany. The style was characterized by its utilitarian nature, with very limited use of sculpture and heavy exterior design.</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5q2NTKZNds4/V9On4OAooiI/AAAAAAAALWk/pGHc_GvXUwkj3U64_nGc7pVvhG0ABoBWQCLcB/s1600/Erfurt%2BCathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5q2NTKZNds4/V9On4OAooiI/AAAAAAAALWk/pGHc_GvXUwkj3U64_nGc7pVvhG0ABoBWQCLcB/s640/Erfurt%2BCathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Barry" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Sir Charles Barry"><b style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">ERFURT CATHEDRAL</span></b><span style="background: none rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;">. </span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The architecture of the Erfurt Cathedral is mainly Gothic and stems from around the 14th and 15th centuries. There are many things of note as far as the architecture is concerned, not least the stained glass windows and furnishings of the interior of the cathedral. The central spire of the three towers that sit aloft the cathedral harbours the Maria Gloroisa which, at the time of its casting by Geert van Wou in 1497, was the world's largest free-swinging bell. It is the largest existing medieval bell in the world. It is known to have purity and beauty of tone.</span></span></div>
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<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Barry" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Sir Charles Barry"><b style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: black;">CHURCH OF ST. SEVERUS</span></b><span style="background: none rgb(255 , 255 , 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;">. </span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The Church of St. Severus, a five-naved early Gothic hall church, was a collegiate church for the regular canons of St. Agustine during the 12th century. Today, along with the cathedral, it is Erfurt's most famous landmark.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>REGENSBURG CATHEDRAL</b>. The Regensburg Cathedral </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">(German: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span lang="de" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" xml:lang="de"><i>Dom St. Peter or Regensburger Dom</i></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">), dedicated to St. Peter</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, is the most important church and landmark of the city of Regensburg,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> Germany. It is the seat of the Catholic diocese of Regensburg</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. The church is the prime example of Gothic architecture in Bavaria.</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bTiGWkCWAz0/V9T5SnsiT-I/AAAAAAAALZk/7KejRJXTBLoOVETbpXj0xfObPwNYYy1DwCLcB/s1600/meissen%2Bcathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bTiGWkCWAz0/V9T5SnsiT-I/AAAAAAAALZk/7KejRJXTBLoOVETbpXj0xfObPwNYYy1DwCLcB/s640/meissen%2Bcathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>MEISSEN CATHEDRAL</b>.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> Or </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Church of St John and St Donatus</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> (German</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">: </span><span lang="de" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;" xml:lang="de"><i>Meißner Dom</i></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">) is a Gothic </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">church in Meissen in Saxony</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. It is situated on the castle hill of Meissen, adjacent to the Albrechtsburg</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> castle. It was the episcopal see of the Bishopric of Meissen</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> established by Emperor Otto I</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> in 968. It replaced an older Romanesque</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> church.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The present-day hall church</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> was built between 1260 and 1410, the interior features Gothic sculptures of founder Emperor Otto and his wife Adelaide of Italy</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> as well as paintings from the studio of Lucas Cranach the Elder</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. The first Saxon elector</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> from the House of Wettin</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, Margrave Frederick I</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, had the Prince's Chapel erected in 1425 as the burial place of his dynasty. The twin steeples were not attached until 1909.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oOTe_ULJUgA/V9puQf9tfmI/AAAAAAAALbc/lwUN_FisokUjWHgBg2f6Se1UBCwYytlnQCLcB/s1600/ulm%2Bminster.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oOTe_ULJUgA/V9puQf9tfmI/AAAAAAAALbc/lwUN_FisokUjWHgBg2f6Se1UBCwYytlnQCLcB/s640/ulm%2Bminster.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><b>ULM MINSTER</b>. Like Cologne Cathedral</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> (</span><i style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Kölner Dom</i><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">), was begun in the Gothic </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">era but not completed until the late 19th century. It is the tallest church in the world</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> and the 4th tallest structure built before the 20th century,</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> with a steeple</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> measuring 161.5 metres (530 ft)</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 11.2px; text-align: start; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">and containing 768 steps. </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UL-wjyCrQ2w/V9puR7gUpbI/AAAAAAAALbg/k3f7Qed-f8I-8KhEkA0MShtT2uCLMXROgCEw/s1600/magdeburg%2Bcathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UL-wjyCrQ2w/V9puR7gUpbI/AAAAAAAALbg/k3f7Qed-f8I-8KhEkA0MShtT2uCLMXROgCEw/s640/magdeburg%2Bcathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><b>MAGDEBURG CATHEDRAL</b>. It is a Protestant</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> cathedral in Germany</span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> and the oldest Gothic </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"> cathedral in the country. </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">The current cathedral was constructed over the period of 300 years starting from 1209, and the completion of the steeples took place only in 1520. Despite being repeatedly looted, Magdeburg Cathedral is rich in art, ranging from antiques to modern art.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_z7nda1OgQ4/W1rWjdWZS3I/AAAAAAAAM3o/uv55wq00ZfIg5edAVLG2DpMSFGiwxWXLACLcBGAs/s1600/Freiburg%2BCathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_z7nda1OgQ4/W1rWjdWZS3I/AAAAAAAAM3o/uv55wq00ZfIg5edAVLG2DpMSFGiwxWXLACLcBGAs/s640/Freiburg%2BCathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;"><b>FREIBURG CATHEDRAL. </b><span style="color: #222222; text-align: start;">It is the only </span>Gothic<span style="color: #222222; text-align: start;"> church tower in Germany that was completed in the Middle Ages (1330), and miraculously, has lasted until the present, surviving the bombing raids of November 1944, which destroyed all of the houses on the west and north side of the market. The tower was subject to severe vibration at the time, and its survival of these vibrations is attributed to its lead anchors, which connect the sections of the spire. The windows had been taken out of the spire at the time by church staff led by Monsignor Max Fauler, and so these also suffered no damage.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TzQPp9CHvO4/V9Vf9jyzWEI/AAAAAAAALaE/JXBoSvng4q4NjJLJJfUaRSoP4xvzQju6ACLcB/s1600/montabaur%2Btownhall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TzQPp9CHvO4/V9Vf9jyzWEI/AAAAAAAALaE/JXBoSvng4q4NjJLJJfUaRSoP4xvzQju6ACLcB/s640/montabaur%2Btownhall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1gke_dsUqlI/V_dgXHUaWMI/AAAAAAAALmA/HlN6nrMlV5oceL065q0-jEWtDamAz0CogCLcB/s1600/holsten%2Bgate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1gke_dsUqlI/V_dgXHUaWMI/AAAAAAAALmA/HlN6nrMlV5oceL065q0-jEWtDamAz0CogCLcB/s640/holsten%2Bgate.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>HOLSTEN GATE</b> is a city gate</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> marking off the western boundary of the old center of the Hanseatic city of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Lübeck"><span style="color: black;">Lübeck</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Built in 1464,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">the Brick Gothic c</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">onstruction is one of the relics of Lübeck's medieval city fortifications</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and one of two remaining city gates, the other being the Citadel Gate ("Burgtor</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">"). Known for its two-round towers and arched entrance, it is regarded today as a symbol of the city. </span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gQyYNF0dc08/V9P2vwcuu9I/AAAAAAAALYo/lp2jCUhceSQM1m_IYAEVmiNlEzbP-FZRQCLcB/s1600/SPAIN%2B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="132" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gQyYNF0dc08/V9P2vwcuu9I/AAAAAAAALYo/lp2jCUhceSQM1m_IYAEVmiNlEzbP-FZRQCLcB/s400/SPAIN%2B.jpg" width="400" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> is their spatial complexity, with many areas of different shapes leading from each other. They are comparatively wide, and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories, giving a similar spacious appearance to the '</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Hallenkirche</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> of Germany, as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> in Portugal. Many of the cathedrals are completely surrounded by chapels. Like English cathedrals, each is often stylistically diverse. This expresses itself both in the addition of chapels and in the application of decorative details drawn from different sources. Among the influences on both decoration and form are Islamic architecture</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and, towards the end of the period, Renaissance details combined with the Gothic in a distinctive manner. The West front, as at Leon Cathedral</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, typically resembles a French west front, but wider in proportion to height and often with greater diversity of detail and a combination of intricate ornament with broad plain surfaces. At Burgos Cathedral </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> there are spires of German style. The roofline often has pierced parapets with comparatively few pinnacles. There are often towers and domes of a great variety of shapes and structural invention rising above the roof.</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PrcMQCnR5fM/V9Ont5JijXI/AAAAAAAALWg/jhEpvdHK-48Q5Rv9IOptaJ27euZeGKiQQCLcB/s1600/Barcelona%2BCathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-PrcMQCnR5fM/V9Ont5JijXI/AAAAAAAALWg/jhEpvdHK-48Q5Rv9IOptaJ27euZeGKiQQCLcB/s640/Barcelona%2BCathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>BARCELONA CATHEDRAL</b>. Also known as Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, is the Gothic cathedral and seat of </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">the Archbishop of Barcelona, Spain</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> The cathedral was constructed from the 13th to 15th centuries, with the principal work done in the 14th century. The cloister, which encloses the Well of the Geese (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Font de les Oques</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">) was completed in 1448.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> In the late 19th century, the neo-Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> façade was constructed over the nondescript exterior that was common to Catalan churches.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> The roof is notable for its gargoyles</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, featuring a wide range of animals, both domestic and mythical.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>BURGOS CATHEDRAL</b>. The design of the main facade is related to the purest French Gothic style of the great cathedrals of Paris and Reims</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, while the interior elevation as a reference to Bourges Cathedral</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. It consists of three bodies topped by two lateral square towers. </span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-octRT6WuqCY/WT5Cg4rzMtI/AAAAAAAAMRM/tHsmqEu1SIY4pqy8rYac9tZnbBaAaseBwCLcB/s1600/cuenca%2Bcathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-octRT6WuqCY/WT5Cg4rzMtI/AAAAAAAAMRM/tHsmqEu1SIY4pqy8rYac9tZnbBaAaseBwCLcB/s640/cuenca%2Bcathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">CUENCA CATHEDRAL </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">is a </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #222222;">Gothic church</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">in the city of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Cuenca </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">in</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Cuenca Province</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">in the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Castille-La Mancha </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">region of south-eastern central</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Spain</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. Expression of Norman Gothic from northern Europe, begun in 1196. The wife of King Alfonso VIII, Eleanor Plantagenet of England, daughter of King Henry II Plantagenet of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, Duchess of Aquitaine, Sister of Richard the Lionheart, who inspired this cathedral. The influence of the Norman court of King Alfonso VIII, defined the construction of this cathedral, the first Gothic cathedral of Castile, together with that of Avila. Work began in the year 1196 and was completed in 1257.</span><br />
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The highlight of the building is that belongs to a very initial approach of the Gothic architecture, closely related to Anglo-Norman and French-Norman art of 12th century, as the Soissons Cathedral, Laon Cathedral and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>.</div>
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It has a Latin cross plan (that is, the arm of the cross reaching from the main entrance to the altar is considerably longer than the other arms) and a seven-sided polygonal apse. The main facade was restored following the original style, by Vicente Lampérez in the early twentieth century.</div>
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The cathedral is officially the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Gracia ("Basilica of Our Lady of Grace"). Unlike many other cathedrals in Spain, photography is not normally allowed in the interior.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>PALMA CATHEDRAL . </b>Designed in the Catalan Gothic st</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">yle but with Northern European influences, it was begun by King James I of Aragon</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> in 1229 but only finished in 1601. It sits within the old city of Palma atop the former citadel of the Roman city, between the Royal Palace of La Almudaina</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and the episcopal palace.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>TOLEDO CATHEDRAL</b>. The cathedral of Toledo is one of the three 13th-century High Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> cathedrals in Spain and is considered, in the opinion of some authorities, to be the magnum opus</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">of the Gothic style in Spain. It was begun in 1226 under the rule of Ferdinand III</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and the last Gothic contributions were made in the 15th century when, in 1493, the vaults of the central nave were finished during the time of the Catholic Monarhcs.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH</b>. The most remarkable religious building of San Sebastián, it is endowed with a strong verticality and is the largest in Gipuzkoa. Its construction took place in the last years of the 19th century in a Historicist Neo-Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> style. The church, dedicated to the Good Sheperd,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> has held the rank of cathedral</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> since 1953.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>BATALHA MONASTERY</b>. The ornate convent has been put up in limestone </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> from Porto de Mós, that has turned yellow ochre in the course of time. It has an original Portuguese style, a mixture of rayonnant and flamboyant Gothic architecture combined with strong elements of English Perpendicular</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, that finds few parallels in Europe. As with all Dominican </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">churches, this church has no bell tower.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>BATALHA MONASTERY</b>. The western façade, facing the large square with the equestrian statue of general </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Nuno Álvares Pereira">Nuno Álvares Pereira</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, is divided in three by buttresses and huge pilasters : the Founder's Chapel (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Capelo do Fundador</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">), the side wall of an aisle and the projecting portal. On the right side of this façade are the Imperfect Chapels (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">Capelas Imperfeitas</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">), a separate octagonal structure added to the complex.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic. The plan is usually regular and symmetrical, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated, based on the square and the concept of "</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">armonìa</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">", and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral façades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors. The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Fresco">fresco</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span></div>
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<b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">MILAN CATHEDRAL </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">. An exceptionally large and elaborate Gothic cathedral on the main square of Milan, the Duomo di Milano is one of the most famous building in Europe. It is the largest Gothic cathedral and the second largest Catholic cathedral in the world. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Brabantine Gothic, occasionally called Brabantian Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, is a significant variant of Gothic architecture</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> that is typical for the Low Countries (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg)</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. It surfaced in the first half of the 14th century at Saint Rumbold's Cathedral </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">in the City of Mechelen</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>ST. RUMBOLD'S CATHEDRAL</b>. Construction of the church itself started shortly after 1200, and it was </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecration" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; text-decoration: none;" title="Consecration">consecrated</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> in 1312, when part had become usable. From 1324 onwards the flying buttresses </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">and revised choir </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">structure acquired characteristics that would distinguish Brabantine Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> from French Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY, ANTWERP</b>. It is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Antwerp, Belgium.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Today's see of the Diocese of Antwerp </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">started in 1352 and, although the first stage of construction was ended in 1521, has never been 'completed'. In Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, its architects were Jan and Pieter Appelmans.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The church's one finished spire is 123 metres (404 ft) high,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">the highest church tower </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">in the Benelux. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> commented that the spire should be kept under glass, and Napoleon </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">compared the spire to Mechelic lace.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The largest bell in the tower requires 16 bell ringers.</span></div>
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The church is a three-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nave">nave</a> building, with neo-gothic arches. There are twenty stained glasses depicting saints and church fathers. The church has mechanical pipe organ with 24 registers.</div>
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<span style="font-size: 14px;">The church has four altars. The main one in the apse is made of the carved wood from Tyrol, the windows with stained glass from Budapest and the roof tiles were made of Zsolnay ceramics. The church has four confessionals and a marble baptistry</span><span style="font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;">.</span><span style="font-size: 14px;"> It is the tallest church in </span>Bačka<span style="font-size: 14px;"> region and dominates the </span>city center<span style="font-size: 14px;"> of Novi Sad.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>ESPOO CATHEDRAL</b>. It is a medieval stone church in Espoo, Finland</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> and the seat of the Diocese of Espoo</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">The cathedral is located in the district of Espoon keskus</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">, near the Espoonjoki river. The oldest parts of the church were completed in the 1480s and it is thus the oldest preserved building in the city. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>TRAKAI ISLAND CASTLE</b>. The principal construction material was so-called red Gothic bricks. Stone blocks were used only in the foundations and the upper parts of buildings, towers and walls. The castle was decorated in a variety of ways, including glazed roof tiling, burned bricks, and stained glass windows. Its overall style after the second construction phase could be described as Gothic with some Romanesque </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">features.</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vgVeEf2Kq60/V9T3pGExkiI/AAAAAAAALZY/NaXC5pz1o74xuwloJE2IcJKLhGeQFI3SwCLcB/s1600/mir%2Bcastle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vgVeEf2Kq60/V9T3pGExkiI/AAAAAAAALZY/NaXC5pz1o74xuwloJE2IcJKLhGeQFI3SwCLcB/s640/mir%2Bcastle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>MIR CASTLE COMPLEX</b>. The building of the castle </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">began at the end of the 15th century. It is in the Gothic architecture</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> style. Building of the castle was completed by Duke Ilinich in the early 16th century. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">In December 2000, the Mir Castle was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gtj8vOllfq4/V9T5UCdEQvI/AAAAAAAALZs/xlC876ptmfoTL0BQKKUuFpaqKMF7iBWbACLcB/s1600/malbork%2Bcastle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gtj8vOllfq4/V9T5UCdEQvI/AAAAAAAALZs/xlC876ptmfoTL0BQKKUuFpaqKMF7iBWbACLcB/s640/malbork%2Bcastle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>MALBORK CASTLE</b>. The castle </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">is a classic example of a medieval fortress </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">and, on its completion in 1406, was the world's largest brick castle. </span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RC_2zfFGjRI/V9T5UDi1yAI/AAAAAAAALZo/AKEafq1ZEtYCBOE6LhWyR6bfzg9gZhEXgCLcB/s1600/st%2Bmary%2527s%2Bchurch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RC_2zfFGjRI/V9T5UDi1yAI/AAAAAAAALZo/AKEafq1ZEtYCBOE6LhWyR6bfzg9gZhEXgCLcB/s640/st%2Bmary%2527s%2Bchurch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>ST. MARY'S CHURCH IN SLUPSK</b>. A good example of brick architecture in Poland. L</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;">acking in figural architectural sculpture, instead it used built ornaments and the colour contrast between red bricks, glazed bricks and white lime plaster to compensate for the exterior aesthetics. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>ST. ANNE'S CHURCH</b>. A novel approach to bricks as a construction material was employed in the church's construction.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The main façade, designed in the Flamboyant Gothic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> style, is its most striking feature. Traditional Gothic elements and shapes were used in unique ways; Gothic arches</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> are framed by rectangular</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> elements dominating a symmetrical and proportionate façade, creating an impression of dynamism. </span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nZ7KfvbFn3M/V96NholW4dI/AAAAAAAALcc/bp0yLw5vt9gMxdW7vzPWG8KK3ZKMawk9gCLcB/s1600/Church%2Bof%2BOur%2BLady%2Bbefore%2BTyn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-nZ7KfvbFn3M/V96NholW4dI/AAAAAAAALcc/bp0yLw5vt9gMxdW7vzPWG8KK3ZKMawk9gCLcB/s640/Church%2Bof%2BOur%2BLady%2Bbefore%2BTyn.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>CHURCH OF OUR LADY BEFORE TYN</b>. In the 11th century, this area was occupied by a Romanesque c</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">hurch, which was built there for foreign merchants coming to the nearby Týn Courtyard.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Later it was replaced by an early Gothic </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Church of Our Lady before Týn in 1256. Construction of the present church began in the 14th century in the late Gothic style under the influence of Matthias of Arras</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and later Peter Parler.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span></div>
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<b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">CATHEDRAL OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW (PLZEN).</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Originally the church of St. Bartholomew, it is a Gothic church located on the Main Square in Ptzen, Czech Republic. It was probably established together with the city around the year 1295. The church became a cathedral in 1993, when the Pilsner diocese was created. It was included on the list of National cultural monuments of the Czech Republic in 1995.</span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VwO7Ul2lwOE/WChblG-o9iI/AAAAAAAALw8/ZeXRnS8iQLwLqYElQVVnOyBHjIlmhp5lgCLcB/s1600/vitus%2B.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-VwO7Ul2lwOE/WChblG-o9iI/AAAAAAAALw8/ZeXRnS8iQLwLqYElQVVnOyBHjIlmhp5lgCLcB/s640/vitus%2B.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ST. VITUS CATHEDRAL.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> This cathedral is an excellent example of Gothic architecture and is the biggest and most important church in the Czech Republic. Located within Prague Castle and containing the tombs of many Bohemian kings and Holy Roman Emperors, the cathedral is under the ownership of the Czech government as part of the Prague Castle complex.</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>NIDAROS CATHEDRAL</b>. Since the Reformation</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, it has served as the cathedral of the Lutheran </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> bishops of Trondheim (or Nidaros) in the Diocese of Nidaros</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. The architectural style of the cathedral is Romanesque and Gothic.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Historically it has been an important destination for pilgrims </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">coming from all of Northern Europe</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>ST. JOHN'S CHURCH, HELSINKI. </b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> It is a Lutheran</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> church designed by the Swedish</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> architect Adolf Melander</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in the Gothic Revival style.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> It is the largest stone church in Finland by seating capacity.</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QOndj7-A-7c/V96Ni_fnTyI/AAAAAAAALcs/V8hsgBxh92waqdsaTz-TqqsPlJTjGQHEQCLcB/s1600/st.%2Bstephen%2527s%2Bcathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QOndj7-A-7c/V96Ni_fnTyI/AAAAAAAALcs/V8hsgBxh92waqdsaTz-TqqsPlJTjGQHEQCLcB/s640/st.%2Bstephen%2527s%2Bcathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>ST. STEPHEN'S CATHEDRAL, VIENNA</b>. The current Romanesque and Gothic form of the cathderal,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> seen today in the Stephansplatz</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, was largely initiated by Duke Rudolf IV </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(1339–1365) and stands on the ruins of two earlier churches, the first a parish church consecrated in 1147. The most important religious building in Vienna, St. Stephen's Cathedral has borne witness to many important events in Habsburg and Austrian history and has, with its multi-coloured tile roof, become one of the city's most recognizable symbols.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>FISHERMAN'S BASTION</b>. It is a terrace in neo-Gothic and neo-Romanesque</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> style situated on the Buda</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> bank of the Danube</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, on the Castle </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">hill in Budapest</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, around Mattias Church</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. It was designed and built between 1895 and 1902 on the plans of Frigyes Schulek.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Construction of the bastion destabilised the foundations of the neighbouring 13th century Dominican Church </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> which had to be pulled down.</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u2sq5sR98OQ/V970cWnPyHI/AAAAAAAALdU/EaYCWlUjIVsfsZo0pqnxcUav2fTDheefACLcB/s1600/st%2Bjames%2Bcathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-u2sq5sR98OQ/V970cWnPyHI/AAAAAAAALdU/EaYCWlUjIVsfsZo0pqnxcUav2fTDheefACLcB/s320/st%2Bjames%2Bcathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-2454316739454684402016-09-03T08:57:00.000-07:002018-07-19T07:08:15.050-07:00ROMANESQUE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>INTRODUCTION</b></span><br />
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Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from 6th to the late 10th century, this later date being the most commonly held. It developed in the 12th century into the Gothic style, marked by pointed arches. Examples of Romanesque architecture can be found across the continent, making it the first pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman Architecture. The Romanesque style in England is traditionally referred to as Norman architecture.</div>
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Combining features of ancient Roman and Byzantine buildings and other local traditions, Romanesque architecture is known by its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy pillars, groin vaults, large towers and decorative arcading. Each building has clearly defined forms, frequently of very regular, symmetrical plan; the overall appearance is one of simplicity when compared with the Gothic buildings that were to follow. The style can be identified right across Europe, despite regional characteristics and different materials. <br />
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Many castles were built during this period, but they are greatly outnumbered by churches. The most significant are the great abbey churches, many of which are still standing, more or less complete and frequently in use. The enormous quantity of churches built in the Romanesque period was succeeded by the still busier period of Gothic architecture, which partly or entirely rebuilt most Romanesque churches in prosperous areas like England and Portugal. The largest groups of Romanesque survivors are in areas that were less prosperous in subsequent periods, including parts of southern France, and northern Spain and rural Italy. Survival of unfortified Romanesque secular houses and palaces, and the domestic quarters of monasteries are far rarer, but these used and adapted the features found in church buildings, on a domestic scale.</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7UawB7SuFLU/V8r2_n3IKUI/AAAAAAAALV0/S8csVClomaE3165Fr0CXMv4vFTYp_hwawCLcB/s1600/lisbon%2Bcathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-7UawB7SuFLU/V8r2_n3IKUI/AAAAAAAALV0/S8csVClomaE3165Fr0CXMv4vFTYp_hwawCLcB/s640/lisbon%2Bcathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">LISBON CATHEDRAL.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> From its first building period (1147 until the first decades of the 13th century), Lisbon cathedral has preserved the West facade with a rose window (rebuilt from fragments in the 20th century), the main portal, the North lateral portal and the nave of the cathedral. The portals have interesting sculptured capitals with Romanesque motifs.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mUUVAU6mwow/V8rxX0F5sjI/AAAAAAAALVk/kaY4SI7qLsoseJILOrFeFWrSslD8WEc2ACLcB/s1600/old%2Bcathedral%2Bof%2Bcoimbra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mUUVAU6mwow/V8rxX0F5sjI/AAAAAAAALVk/kaY4SI7qLsoseJILOrFeFWrSslD8WEc2ACLcB/s640/old%2Bcathedral%2Bof%2Bcoimbra.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">OLD CATHEDRAL OF COIMBRA.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> Coimbra Cathedral is the only one of the Portuguese Romanesque catrhedrals from the Reconquista times to have survived relatively intact up to the present. The cathedrals of Porto, Braga, Lisbon and others have been extensively remodelled later.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ak-ylSTWCdQ/V_dOICuKr2I/AAAAAAAALlw/oB1sSARuFWYRaQnaGRI7pz-qHFmoVrO5wCLcB/s1600/speyer%2Bcathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ak-ylSTWCdQ/V_dOICuKr2I/AAAAAAAALlw/oB1sSARuFWYRaQnaGRI7pz-qHFmoVrO5wCLcB/s640/speyer%2Bcathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>SPEYER CATHEDRAL</b> . With the Abbey of Cluny</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> in ruins, it remains the largest Romanesque </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">church.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It is considered to be "a turning point in European architecture",</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> one of the most important architectural monuments of its time</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and one of the finest Romanesque monuments.</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l6-NiqciC2A/V5Sk0JjUw0I/AAAAAAAALEc/nNqjtCYBeO8FhXuqMPzaa7WuF_EiYYv4wCLcB/s1600/trier%2Bcathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l6-NiqciC2A/V5Sk0JjUw0I/AAAAAAAALEc/nNqjtCYBeO8FhXuqMPzaa7WuF_EiYYv4wCLcB/s640/trier%2Bcathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4tbSfclisUg/V5CgAiVFueI/AAAAAAAALDI/a-VvOxRVcKU2u4Z17NxDaNbtaiiha-1FQCLcB/s1600/TRIER%2BCATHEDRAL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-4tbSfclisUg/V5CgAiVFueI/AAAAAAAALDI/a-VvOxRVcKU2u4Z17NxDaNbtaiiha-1FQCLcB/s640/TRIER%2BCATHEDRAL.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">TRIER CATHEDRAL</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">. The West front in five symmetrical sections remains typical of Romanesque architecture under the Salian emperors. The West end choir, with its apsidal-cylinder expressed on the exterior facade, was completed in 1196. The interior is of three Romanesque naves with Gothic vaulting, and a Baroque chapel for the relic of the Seamless robe of Jesus, recovered from the interior of the high altar in 1512, complete the interior.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">The Latin inscription above the clock on the tower reads "<i>NESCITIS QVA HORA DOMINVS VENIET</i>" ("You do not know what time the Lord is coming.")</span></div>
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<b>NAUMBURG CATHEDRAL</b>. The church building, most of which dates back to the 13th century, is a renowned landmark of the German late Romanesque. <span style="line-height: 22.4px;">With the</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> Reformation</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, Naumburg and its cathedral became Protestant. Naumburg Cathedral remains a</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> Protestant</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">parish church to this day.</span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ie6JqwCUneU/WrYEpJzoQ4I/AAAAAAAAMrM/yjraXKUcYMc4cZuP5G-jUNclU-ff28SUwCLcBGAs/s1600/Bamberg%2BCathedral.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ie6JqwCUneU/WrYEpJzoQ4I/AAAAAAAAMrM/yjraXKUcYMc4cZuP5G-jUNclU-ff28SUwCLcBGAs/s640/Bamberg%2BCathedral.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>BAMBERG CATHEDRAL</b> is a church in Bamberg, Germany, completed in the 13th century. The cathedral is under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is the seat of the Archbishop of Bamberg. Since 1993, the cathedral has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Town of Bamberg".</div>
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It was founded in 1002 by King (and later Emperor) Heinrich II (Henry II) and consecrated in 1012. After the first two cathedrals burned down in the 11th and 12th centuries, the current structure, a late Romanesque building with four large towers, was built in the 13th century.</div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jZ1xu1ImhNs/V2Bic_BdLrI/AAAAAAAAK2I/QU6VXLNjMksybikTGpBb_9vf2cRDlC4MACLcB/s1600/neuschwanstein%2Bcastle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jZ1xu1ImhNs/V2Bic_BdLrI/AAAAAAAAK2I/QU6VXLNjMksybikTGpBb_9vf2cRDlC4MACLcB/s640/neuschwanstein%2Bcastle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>NEUSCHWANSTEIN CASTLE</b>. The basic style was originally planned to be neo-Gothic</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> but the palace was primarily built in Romanesque style in the end.</span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">The palace can be regarded as typical for nineteenth-century architecture. The shapes of Romanesque (simple geometric figures such as cuboids and semicircular arches), Gothic (upward-pointing lines, slim towers, delicate embellishments) and Byzantine architecture and art (the Throne Hall décor) were mingled in an eclectic fashion and supplemented with 19th-century technical achievements.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rr4HsRQivRA/W1Cav7JuOnI/AAAAAAAAM24/MJdHQ9wWdxQtiUTQl49wOg2wbPW_7U2QwCLcBGAs/s1600/Wartburg%2BCastle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rr4HsRQivRA/W1Cav7JuOnI/AAAAAAAAM24/MJdHQ9wWdxQtiUTQl49wOg2wbPW_7U2QwCLcBGAs/s640/Wartburg%2BCastle.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;">WARTBURG CASTLE</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif;">. It </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">is a castle originally built in the </span>Middle Ages<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">. It is situated on a precipice of 410 meters (1,350 ft) to the southwest of and overlooking the town of </span>Eisenach<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">, in the state of </span>Thuringia<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">, Germany. In 1999, </span>UNESCO<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"> added Wartburg Castle to the </span>World Heritage List<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">. It was the home of St. </span>Elisabeth of Hungary<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">, the place where </span>Martin Luther <span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">translated the </span>New Testament<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"> of the Bible into German, the site of the </span>Wartburg festival<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"> of 1817 and the supposed setting for the possibly legendary </span><i style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">Sängerkrieg</i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">. It was an important inspiration for </span>Ludwig II<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"> when he decided to build </span>Neuschwanstein Castle<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">. Wartburg is the most-visited tourist attraction in </span>Thuringia<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;"> after </span>Weimar<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">. Although the castle today still contains substantial original structures from the 12th through 15th centuries, much of the interior dates back only to the 19th century.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>GROSSMUNSTER CHURCH</b>. The twin towers of the Grossmunster are regarded as perhaps the most recognized landmark in Zurich. Architecturally, the church is considered Romanesque in style and thus a part of the first pan-European architectural trend since imperial Roman architecture. In keeping with the Romanesque architectural style, Grossmunster offers a great carved portal featuring medieval columns with grotesques adorning the capitals. A Romanesque crypt dates to the 11th and 13th centuries.</span><span style="text-align: start;"><br /></span><br />
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<b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA CATHEDRAL</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">. The cathedral has historically been a place of pilgrimage on the Way of St. james since the Early Middle Ages and marks the traditional end of the pilgrimage route. The building is a Romanesque structure, with later Gothic and Baroque additions.</span></div>
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<b style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">PORTICO DA GLORIA</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">. The Portico da Gloria ("portico of the glory" in Galician) of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is a Romanesque portico by master Mateo and his workshop commissioned by King Ferdinand II of Leon. <br /><br />The portico has three round arches that correspond to the three naves of the church, supported by thick piers with pilasters. The central arch, twice as wide as the other two, has a tympanum and is divided by a central column - a mullion - containing a depiction of Saint James. Vertically</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: medium; line-height: 22.4px;">FERRARA CATHEDRAL</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;">. The original Romanesque design is manifest in the facade, which resembles those of Modena and Parma Cathedrals; it is in white marble, with three cusps and a series of loggias, small arcades and rose windows, statues and numerous bas-reliefs. On the right side is a statue of Alberto d'Este, while on the side is a bronze bust of Pope Clement VIII, over an inscription in memory of his capture of the city.</span><br />
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<b style="font-size: medium; line-height: 22.4px;">MONT SAINT MICHAEL</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;">. In the 11th century, William of Volpiano, the Italian architect who had built Fecamp Abbey in Normandy, was chosen by Richard II, Duke of Normandy, to be the building contractor. He designed the Romanesque church of the abbey, daringly placing the transept crossing at the top of the mount. Many underground crypts and chapels had to be built to compensate for this weight; these formed the basis for the supportive upward structure that can be seen today. Today Mont Saint-Michel is seen as a building of Romanesque architecture.</span></div>
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<b style="line-height: 22.4px;">THE CATHEDRAL.</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"> The heart of the Piazza del Duomo is the Duomo, the medieval cathedral of the Archdiocese of Pisa, dedicated to Santa Maria Assunta (St. Mary of the Asumption). Its construction began in 1064 by the architect Buscheto. It set the model for the distinctive Pisan Romanesque style of architecture. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"><b style="line-height: 22.4px;">THE BAPTISTERY.</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"> The Baptistery, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, stands opposite the west end of the Duomo. The round Romanesque building was begun in the mid 12th century. It was built in Romanesque style by an architect known as Diotisalvi ("God Save You"), who worked also in the church of the Holy Sepulchre in the city. It is the largest baptistery in Italy, with a circumference measuring 107.25 m. Taking into account the statue of St. John the Baptist (attributed to Turino di Sano) atop the dome, it is even a few centimeters.<br /><br /><b style="line-height: 22.4px;">THE CAMPANILE.</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"> The campanille (bell tower), commonly known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa, is located behind the cathedral. The last of the three major buildings on the piazza to be built, construction of the bell tower began in 1173 and took place in three stages over the course of 177 years, with the bell-chamber only added in 1372. Five years after construction began, when the building had reached the third floor level,the weak subsoil and poor foundation led to the building sinking on its south side. The building was left for a century, which allowed the subsoil to stabilise itself and prevented the building from collapsing. In 12272, to adjust the lean of the building, when construction resumed, the upper floors were built with one side taller than the other. The seventh and final floor was added in 1319. By the time the building was completed, the lean was approximately 1 degree, or 80 cm (2.5 feet) from vertical. At its greatest, measured prior to 1990, the lean measured approximately 5.5 degrees. As of 2010, the lean was reduced to approximately 4 degrees. </span></span></span><br />
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<b style="font-size: medium; line-height: 22.4px;">ST. PETER'S DOM.</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"> (German: Wormser Dom) is a church in Worms, southern German. The Dom is located on tyh ehighest point of the inner city of Worms and is the most important building of the Romanesque style in Worms.<br /><br />The Dom is a pier-basilica with two choirs and a transept. A central tower is located on the crossing, another over the western choir. Both choirs are flanked by two round staircase towers. The nave is vaulted in various ways: the central aisle has rib vaultging, while the side aisles have groin vaults. The apse of the west choir takes the form of an octagon and is decorated with various rosette windows.</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: medium; line-height: 22.4px;"><br />CHURCH OF SAN FRANCESCO, PAVIA.</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"> The structure of the church has three naves. Inside stands a back Romanesque, characterized by a covering to trusses and round arches and a front gothic with vaulted white and red ribbed of pointed arches. The design of the chapel is Giovanni Ruggeri.</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: medium; line-height: 22.4px;">CHURCH OF SANTA MARIA IN ARA COELI.</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"> The church is basilical in plan. It has a nave of twelve bays with side aisles, followed by a transept and then by the sanctuary with choir. The three pitched and tiled roofs of central nave, transept and sanctuary form a latin cross.</span></div>
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<b style="font-size: medium; line-height: 22.4px;"><br />ZAMORA CATHEDRAL.</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"> The building, in Romanesque style, is on the Latin cross plan; it has a nave a two ailes, a short transept and three semicircular apses. The latter were replaced by Gothic ones in the 15th century. The transept is covered by barrel vault, the aisles by groin vault and the nave by cross vault in late-Romanesque or Proto-Gothic style. The bell tower, with a height of 45 m, was built in the 13th century in Romanesque style.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"><b style="line-height: 22.4px;">ROTUNDA OF ST. CATHERONE.</b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 22.4px;"> known as the Znojmo Rotunda, is a Romanesque Rotunda located in Znojmo, Czech Republic. It is the town's most valuable monument and features one of the oldest fresco compositions in the Czech lands. The building was originally a castle chapel, dedicated to Virgin Mary, built in the mid-11th century.</span></span></div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-91870588817236558332016-08-31T10:40:00.002-07:002016-08-31T10:40:29.133-07:00Commemorative Stamps on the Occasion of 50th Anniversary of 1st Bahraini Dinar Issued 1965-215<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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On this occasion, the Ministry of Transporation and Telecommunication's Bahrain Post has the pleasure to release a set of 6 commemorative stamps and souvenir sheet, crowned with the portarit of His Majesty King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of the Kingdom of Bahrain.<br /><br />Bahrain asserted its national identity when the Bahraini Currency Board was established in accordance with the provisions of Decree Number 6 (Finance) 1964 with the power to issue and regulates the Bahraini's currency and grant banking licenses. The new Bahraini DInar, divided into 1000 Fils, was put in to circulation for the first time in 1385H/1965AD, replacing the former Gulf Rupee in the basis of One new Dinar for every ten old Rupees, The banknotes were valued at 10 Dinars, 5 Dinars, One Dinar, Half Dinar and Quarter Dinar, while the coins were valued at 100 Fils, 50 Fils, 25 Fils, 10 Fils, 5 Fils and One Fils. In 1968, the currency board issues a 100 Fils Banknote.</div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-42816902027630106492016-08-29T11:08:00.001-07:002016-08-29T11:08:41.444-07:00Commemorative Stamps on the Occasion of National Day 2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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On the occasion of the 44th anniversary of National Day and celebration of the 16th Anniversary of the Accession Day of His Majesty King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalaifa, King of the Kingdom of Bahrain, the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication's Bahrain Post is honored to issue a set of three commemorative stamps and souvenir sheet.</div>
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The set was designed from art reflecting some of the recent social and civil achievements that have been made and which will be realized in the Kingdom in His Majesty's and the Government's prosperous era. Some of this achievement include the construction of 40,000 houses, King Hamad University Hospital, Khalifa Technology Institute, Salman Industrial City, Bahrain International Circuit, air, land and sea transportation and more.</div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-32217335528476845332016-08-29T10:48:00.000-07:002016-08-29T10:50:06.383-07:00Commemorative Stamps on the Occasion of Arab Postal Day 2016<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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On the occasion of the Arab Postal Day, the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication's Bahrain Post has the pleasure to participate by releasing two commemorative stamps it includes joint design. </div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fQjo9FQ4450/V8RzSHe6DbI/AAAAAAAALSY/kKjsiZkLLKkH70d914tue9fnKSbiLoiCACLcB/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-fQjo9FQ4450/V8RzSHe6DbI/AAAAAAAALSY/kKjsiZkLLKkH70d914tue9fnKSbiLoiCACLcB/s640/9.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-6169485883268685222016-08-29T10:28:00.000-07:002016-08-29T10:33:19.930-07:00Commemorative Stamps on the Occasion of Manama Capital of Arab Youth 2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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An initiative presented by His Highness Shaikh Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa His Majesty's representative for Charity and Youth Affairs, Chairman of the Supreme Council for Youth and Sports and Chairman of the Bahrain Olympic Committee to the Arab League. This initiative was to create a capital for the Arab youth along the lines of the Arab capital of culture and tourism. This initiative comes within a series of initiatives by HH since he was appointed chair of the Supreme Council for Youth and Sports to elevate the standards of the Arab youth and specifically the Bahraini Youth. Every year the Arab state that presents the candidacy file to the Arab leaders and enhances the youth will get the title Capital of Arab Youth.</div>
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On the occasion, the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication's Bahrain Post has the pleasure to release a set of two commemorative stamps, crowned with the portrait of His Majesty King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of the Kingdom of Bahrain.<br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7WINl6jBbZQ/V8Rt877g2oI/AAAAAAAALSE/1XToLxejf-A8k2F3Tfo31dzBpnARvwiywCLcB/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-7WINl6jBbZQ/V8Rt877g2oI/AAAAAAAALSE/1XToLxejf-A8k2F3Tfo31dzBpnARvwiywCLcB/s640/7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-36765321021270193762016-08-28T13:15:00.001-07:002016-08-28T13:23:04.375-07:00Commemorative Stamps on the Occasion of National Day 2014<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Amid the festivities and celebrations of the 15th Anniversary of the Accession Day of His Majesty King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of the Kingdom of Bahrain and the 43rd Anniversary of the Kingdom's National Day, the Ministry of Transportation's Bahrain Post is honored to issue a set of three commemorative stamps, headed by the portrait of His Majesty the King. These stamps are an artistic work representing symbols of the Kingdom's progress and prosperity, under the auspicious rule of HM the King and his Government, led by His Royal Highness Prince Khalifa Bin Salman Al Khalifa, the Prime Minister, and with the support and backing of His Royal Highness Prince Salman Bin Hamad Al Khalifa, the Crown Prince, Deputy Supreme Commander and First Deputy Premier.</div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7aJ7WlRF284/V8NDwI3lxKI/AAAAAAAALRw/eRtPhf6nP7EMq37YUjrTGI2tzg5-otKtQCLcB/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7aJ7WlRF284/V8NDwI3lxKI/AAAAAAAALRw/eRtPhf6nP7EMq37YUjrTGI2tzg5-otKtQCLcB/s640/5.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-18670262580938218282016-08-28T12:45:00.001-07:002016-08-28T12:45:09.448-07:00Commemorative Stamps on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of Bahrain Garden Club 1965-2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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The Bahrain Garden Club was established on the initiative of Lady Luce, wife of the political resident in the Gulf, Sir William Luce. The aim of the club was to foster interest in gardening, improve the existing gardening methods and to provide a focal point for the exchange of information on topics of horticultural interest. His highness Shaikh Isa Bin Salman Al Khalifa, the late Amir of Bahrain graciously accepted patronage of the club and was keen to inaugurate the annual flower and vegetable show from 1967 until 1999. From then on, His Majesty King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa became the Bahrain Garden Club patron to date. The last 50 years have witnessed a significant increase in participation and improvement in the quality of horticultural products by hobbyists as a direct result of the efforts of the garden club members.<br />
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On this occasion, the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication's Bahrain Post has the pleasure to release a set of 15 commemorative stamps.</div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-41235416298583582942016-08-28T11:09:00.004-07:002016-08-28T12:31:19.939-07:00Commemorative Stamps on the Occasion of Memorialize the Historical Event of The National Initiative for Agricultural Development 2015<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Agricultural Exhibitions have been organized in Bahrain since 1950s under the Patronage of the Ruler of Bahrain His Highness Shaikh Salman Bin Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa who inaugurated the first show in 1954. The show was a platform for the launch of many modern agricultural and industrial projects in the country. Since then, the show continued to be held every two years for farmers and traders who competed in displaying their best products and crops.</div>
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To memorialize this historical event, The Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunication's Bahrain Post has the pleasure to release a souvenir sheet.</div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-18348261797158282682016-06-12T12:07:00.002-07:002016-06-12T12:07:18.584-07:00Autumn Leaves<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-43057423145582540042016-05-25T13:29:00.001-07:002018-06-22T03:21:34.811-07:00BAHRAIN: Our Heritage, Our Wealth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A country without heritage is a country without tourism and identity. The memories of our towns and cities survive only if we remember, visit and retell their stories. This is the spirit behind the Bahrain Authority for Culture and Antiquities' dedication of the year 2015: to celebrate the deep-rooted and rich heritage of Bahrain under the theme "Our Heritage, Our Wealth". </div>
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I visited and discover 21 sites that bear witness to the heritage of Bahrain's ancient civilization and traced back the paths of history, observing its architecture, breathe in its aroma, and take away stories to tell my friends and loved ones so that they too may discover this land.</div>
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Part of my journey are these postcards I sent to myself as a testimony of my experience discovering the rich heritage and culture of Bahrain. Postcards are a great way to give us great memories of the travel experiences one has. Enjoy!<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">QAL'AT AL BAHRAIN SITE</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QgOev2JKfbk/V0YCJUIVnDI/AAAAAAAAKq8/-hI9tvZ2CtYX24BQRsOn1e7JyVr50WalQCLcB/s1600/bahrain-fort.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="462" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QgOev2JKfbk/V0YCJUIVnDI/AAAAAAAAKq8/-hI9tvZ2CtYX24BQRsOn1e7JyVr50WalQCLcB/s640/bahrain-fort.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The archway present at the fort with my friends, 16 December 2015.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><br />Located north of the island , Qal'at A; Bahrain (Bahrain Foirt) is the most important archaeological site in the Arabian Gulf and the first enlisted UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bahrain. The fort was built atop an artificial hill that was built over 4,000 years of continous occupation . The site was once the capital of Dilmun and its ancient harbour.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Front entrance of the site museum.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">Open to the public since 2008, the site museum display area consists of 5 exhibition hall organized around the world class museum with over 500 artifacts showcased and many interesting layers of its historical legacy have been revealed which is further highlighted with a well documented captions.<span style="text-align: right;"> </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Relax and unwind by the bay.</td></tr>
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The museum is situated just by the sea shorelines. Its cafeteria offers a relaxing ambiance by he sea. , ideal not only to museum visitors but also for a quick rendezvous with any business clientele.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Back side. It was a a low tide the day I went to the museum.</td></tr>
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Metal artifacts found in the tel were limited to copper pieces, fishing tools and a socketed spearhead; a workshop of 525 m (1,722 ft) size was also identified where copper casting two piece moulds and wax moulds were found. </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Backside of the site museum with my CGCF family, 16 December 2015.</td></tr>
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Pots and vessels were also recovered. Pots were used for cooking, while the large vessels for food import from Oman and Mesopotamia. Artifacts found there indicates the location. These include a cuneiform inscription and hematite, both of which link to Mesopotamia; steatite bowls to Oman; and carnelian beads, a stone weight and a few potsherds to the Indus Civilization.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">AL KHAMIS MOSQUE</span></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rc0NdUwyWdM/V0dXyQEcPmI/AAAAAAAAKtM/u49zMXyAcVIyBuuV4tdgGZZp4KI_K_9EQCLcB/s1600/khamis-mosque.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="468" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rc0NdUwyWdM/V0dXyQEcPmI/AAAAAAAAKtM/u49zMXyAcVIyBuuV4tdgGZZp4KI_K_9EQCLcB/s640/khamis-mosque.gif" width="640" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />Al Khamis Mosque is the oldest mosque found on the island and, according to the local tradition, dates to the early 18th century AD. The structures that stand today are the result of several phases of rebuilding with columns and arches being added in the 10th century and a second minaret in the 14th.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PR1i1-kvA1w/V35N0h-QjKI/AAAAAAAAK-4/uTjM6aD4fKUVwARl4ehuS1Co4lLGjCefgCLcB/s1600/DSC00911.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br /></a><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PR1i1-kvA1w/V35N0h-QjKI/AAAAAAAAK-4/uTjM6aD4fKUVwARl4ehuS1Co4lLGjCefgCLcB/s1600/DSC00911.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br /></a><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: right;"> Opening Hours: 8:00 am - 2:00 pm</span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MX7WUwtlxxM/V34xpJPRc2I/AAAAAAAAK9Q/_xUj-DEy2usBLkBqgb6R45hDMIFGNgn1gCLcB/s1600/DSC01049.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MX7WUwtlxxM/V34xpJPRc2I/AAAAAAAAK9Q/_xUj-DEy2usBLkBqgb6R45hDMIFGNgn1gCLcB/s400/DSC01049.JPG" width="400" /></a><br />
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The archeological site is accessible by public bus no. 19 from downtown Manama. This snap shot I took while I am waiting for my bus ride, across the street is the two iconic twin turrets of the Khamis mosque. Below photos show some interesting artefacts that can be found inside the compound. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tu11GVpp1NI/V35ScnqZjUI/AAAAAAAAK_M/7vR8iY8G0hUB91dBiYN6KuU7FdYMJR1sACLcB/s1600/DSC01033.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tu11GVpp1NI/V35ScnqZjUI/AAAAAAAAK_M/7vR8iY8G0hUB91dBiYN6KuU7FdYMJR1sACLcB/s320/DSC01033.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entrance to the Khamis Mosque Visitors' Center.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The arcaded ruins .</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P1Hqn_OyU4k/V35SfCrNUMI/AAAAAAAAK_U/fuunojsJV9I3hxhfCsnLomqxK-NBXPnrgCLcB/s1600/DSC01031.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-P1Hqn_OyU4k/V35SfCrNUMI/AAAAAAAAK_U/fuunojsJV9I3hxhfCsnLomqxK-NBXPnrgCLcB/s320/DSC01031.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wooden Gateway to the Khamis Mosque.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YOoRoHMntzA/V35Se2dh9oI/AAAAAAAAK_Q/oZ3K2Ai25lwLXiqDnoepeYsZNgraQk9JwCLcB/s1600/DSC01032.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YOoRoHMntzA/V35Se2dh9oI/AAAAAAAAK_Q/oZ3K2Ai25lwLXiqDnoepeYsZNgraQk9JwCLcB/s320/DSC01032.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Wooden Gateway to the Khamis Mosque.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">TREE OF LIFE</span></span></span></div>
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A marvel in the desert, the Tree of Life is famous for surviving for over 100 years despite its existence with no source of water. Visitor's can observe this natural beauty from inside the visitors' centre, which includes information about the artefacts discovered at he site in addition to a small amphitheatre to host outdoor events. <br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: right;"> Opening Hours: 8:00 am - 6:00 pm</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">The newly built Visitors' Center still needs some touches of green landscape to make it more appealing to visitors. A solid pathway too is necessary as walking in the desert sand is a bit challenging. Perhaps an enclosure too with an air conditioning system is a big plus, specially that the site is located in the middle of the desert.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tree of Life 2018</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">SHAIKH ISA BIN AL KHALIFA HOUSE</span></span></span></div>
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Considered one of the most impressive exemplifications of Islamic architecture in the gulf. Shaikh Isa Bin Ali Al Khalifa House was built in the early 19th century and served as the residence of the late and the seat of his government. The house offers a unique insight into the royal life at that time.<br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: right;">Opening Hours: Sun-Wed 7:00 am - 2:00 pm, Thurs 9:00 am - 2:00 pm, Fri 3:00 pm - 6:00 pm</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Can someone please show me the way to Shk. Isa Bin Ali's House.</td></tr>
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The location around the complex is very nice and located in the heart of the old town of Muharraq. Signs are every where as you walk around the historic center. Surprises abound at every turn for other white-washed old houses in the neighborhood. Its the best place to experience the old town of Bahrain.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Excuse me Sir, which way is to Shk. Isa Bin Ali's House?</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yqcCZ-ol3hI/V5mxNbeBrvI/AAAAAAAALG8/HU-EFXa0XUU_2Okg55L2dUVN_D6_dWDzACLcB/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-yqcCZ-ol3hI/V5mxNbeBrvI/AAAAAAAALG8/HU-EFXa0XUU_2Okg55L2dUVN_D6_dWDzACLcB/s400/9.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Finally found. The alley way leading to the entrance.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YyOFlri_Sgk/V5mxMzL1rNI/AAAAAAAALG0/C1MlHtmZng8H7KYHemYplRWn95PdaRLuwCLcB/s1600/10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YyOFlri_Sgk/V5mxMzL1rNI/AAAAAAAALG0/C1MlHtmZng8H7KYHemYplRWn95PdaRLuwCLcB/s400/10.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Entry Door.</td></tr>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HAnGl4ryShA/V5mxMyOI71I/AAAAAAAALGw/Lwmg3ZJmmn4ZvYRN14R1kkSmj1Z-HxYmACLcB/s1600/11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HAnGl4ryShA/V5mxMyOI71I/AAAAAAAALGw/Lwmg3ZJmmn4ZvYRN14R1kkSmj1Z-HxYmACLcB/s320/11.jpg" width="240" /></a><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-znw44LZVPpk/V5mxM98Z7CI/AAAAAAAALG4/NvWkdLMRTBsWByNzr8E88Rvrb8t3obspwCLcB/s1600/12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-znw44LZVPpk/V5mxM98Z7CI/AAAAAAAALG4/NvWkdLMRTBsWByNzr8E88Rvrb8t3obspwCLcB/s320/12.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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Don't forget to get a ticket by the entrance.</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Rmy0bPkUTLg/V5my6Kj_cLI/AAAAAAAALHI/cHesW_iBAe0Utx-GnPR9mz34OzThsj9wQCLcB/s1600/26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Rmy0bPkUTLg/V5my6Kj_cLI/AAAAAAAALHI/cHesW_iBAe0Utx-GnPR9mz34OzThsj9wQCLcB/s640/26.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A quick glance on how big the complex is.</div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YmMKQXYbYXU/V5mzhs0qSOI/AAAAAAAALHM/snv232UEkFkESHQ3sN4BWlQzK0GcW9XlgCLcB/s1600/25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YmMKQXYbYXU/V5mzhs0qSOI/AAAAAAAALHM/snv232UEkFkESHQ3sN4BWlQzK0GcW9XlgCLcB/s640/25.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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After paying for your ticket, as you enter and starts to explore the traditional house, you will be greeted by the huge courtyard in the middle of the complex. The iconic and imposing wind tower in the background is a must for selfie fanatics.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I8ZRNDbiodo/V5m08o8cQsI/AAAAAAAALHc/eE-gaw2rgA46L8B5Ze7A53HpAn7asvM9QCLcB/s1600/16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-I8ZRNDbiodo/V5m08o8cQsI/AAAAAAAALHc/eE-gaw2rgA46L8B5Ze7A53HpAn7asvM9QCLcB/s400/16.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A closer look of the wind tower by the roof deck.</td></tr>
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WINDTOWER or wind catcher is a traditional Persian architectural element to creat natural ventilation in buildings. Windcatchers come in various designs: uni-directional, bi-directional, and multi-directional. Windcatchers remain present in many countries and can be found in traditional Persian-influenced architecture throughout the Middle East, including in the small Arab states of the Persian Gulf (mostly Bahrain and Dubai), Pakistan and Afghanistan.</div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mntiY01-3yw/V5m3Q7V2g0I/AAAAAAAALHo/X_Pk4VjiYWkaOrg7PxUTlLtPaiHrRBHhwCLcB/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mntiY01-3yw/V5m3Q7V2g0I/AAAAAAAALHo/X_Pk4VjiYWkaOrg7PxUTlLtPaiHrRBHhwCLcB/s320/13.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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This house was the seat of Bahraini power from 1869 to 1932 and its importance is reflected in the four different sections : Sheikh, family, guests and servants.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XPBtMsgMV38/V5m3RKEUoiI/AAAAAAAALHs/TqNsY3QMg-IfWihyJmjojfLLjsh2ifGdgCLcB/s1600/24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XPBtMsgMV38/V5m3RKEUoiI/AAAAAAAALHs/TqNsY3QMg-IfWihyJmjojfLLjsh2ifGdgCLcB/s320/24.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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While the rooms are unfurnished, the different sections of the house are well captioned in English and a good half-hour could be spent rambling up and down the different staircases admiring the delicate arches, intricate wooden doors, courtyards and palm-trunk ceilings.</div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-L4xJXvyqdh8/V5m63AUmC-I/AAAAAAAALH4/__ZsjTCtJMswgUN_yLpB4rKNrIYOVcvJwCLcB/s1600/23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-L4xJXvyqdh8/V5m63AUmC-I/AAAAAAAALH4/__ZsjTCtJMswgUN_yLpB4rKNrIYOVcvJwCLcB/s320/23.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Highly recommended place for tourist and anyone interested in learning about Bahrain history and architecture. Would love to see a small museum inside the house showing personal belongings and photos of Shaikh Isa bin Ali. </div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n2jlCDshEi4/V5m63MvbSxI/AAAAAAAALH8/mhHCcnQ1mw8X6c2QTvYJru5dEqTxDmXpQCLcB/s1600/29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n2jlCDshEi4/V5m63MvbSxI/AAAAAAAALH8/mhHCcnQ1mw8X6c2QTvYJru5dEqTxDmXpQCLcB/s320/29.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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A gift shop is also needed in such place. A tour guide must also be present to explain each room for a more personal touch and experience.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-06M0BrEmFXU/V5nAPp0T4hI/AAAAAAAALIM/lcbocMpPmN8Saev6wv5eACkIG1Ktn_oawCLcB/s1600/30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-06M0BrEmFXU/V5nAPp0T4hI/AAAAAAAALIM/lcbocMpPmN8Saev6wv5eACkIG1Ktn_oawCLcB/s640/30.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Watch your step going up and down the complex. </td></tr>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ibjyLWNrqmU/V5nAmmuYGgI/AAAAAAAALIU/Lcl85vVSZBwO8aDuvkk8ukgwXksmXnQEgCLcB/s1600/32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ibjyLWNrqmU/V5nAmmuYGgI/AAAAAAAALIU/Lcl85vVSZBwO8aDuvkk8ukgwXksmXnQEgCLcB/s320/32.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ceiling detail.</td></tr>
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A good half-hour could be spent rambling up and down the different staircases admiring the delicate arches, intricate wooden doors, courtyards and palm-trunk ceilings.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cUh5zIqtczQ/V5nA9GrHlsI/AAAAAAAALIk/xJAm5o_t76I0hq_npQgQ7FK_qQdP8RxGACLcB/s1600/14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-cUh5zIqtczQ/V5nA9GrHlsI/AAAAAAAALIk/xJAm5o_t76I0hq_npQgQ7FK_qQdP8RxGACLcB/s320/14.jpg" width="240" /></a><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_yiiPpVTkCY/V5nA9Grd6gI/AAAAAAAALIg/sD-4FFZHzV04FHihPepOPbeADuscCt0xQCLcB/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_yiiPpVTkCY/V5nA9Grd6gI/AAAAAAAALIg/sD-4FFZHzV04FHihPepOPbeADuscCt0xQCLcB/s320/17.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "freight" , "helvetica neue" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;">Beautiful carved wooden doors throughout the complex.</span></span></div>
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Shk. Isa house in Muharraq provides a glimpse of royal life in the 19th century with period architecture and wall carvings. <br />
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I took this selfie inside the seating room with the wall carvings in the background. Notice that it is the same room (carvings) as with the postcard. <br />
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Photo at left is the exterior view of the seating room. Notice the arched opening above the doors and windows - a passive cooling technique for hot air to vent out.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">AL FATEH GRAND MOSQUE</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FN_r9q8oAFA/V5dhfnx_3_I/AAAAAAAALF4/pnQvKTarohIETVOb4OXb_mJUJ0CTakr8gCEw/s1600/Al-Fateh-Grand--Mosque.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FN_r9q8oAFA/V5dhfnx_3_I/AAAAAAAALF4/pnQvKTarohIETVOb4OXb_mJUJ0CTakr8gCEw/s640/Al-Fateh-Grand--Mosque.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In front of the Al Fateh Grand Mosque, 2015</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PnksCBPEzpo/V5diX21LuvI/AAAAAAAALGA/mjWdUgj-f6ci6EX1fgx3QCPNlE9kV_DegCEw/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PnksCBPEzpo/V5diX21LuvI/AAAAAAAALGA/mjWdUgj-f6ci6EX1fgx3QCPNlE9kV_DegCEw/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Inside the mosque court yard, 2015.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">BAHRAIN NATIONAL MUSEUM</span></span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In front of the museum entrance, 2008.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">In front of the museum main gate, 2016.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br />BAB AL BAHRAIN</span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j6tsgOI-faE/Wg6viGSEzQI/AAAAAAAAMd8/E_X7qNZ6Lk4qtSeQc9Skt_5QzJty2A1vACLcBGAs/s1600/bab-al-bahrain.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1168" data-original-width="1600" height="466" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-j6tsgOI-faE/Wg6viGSEzQI/AAAAAAAAMd8/E_X7qNZ6Lk4qtSeQc9Skt_5QzJty2A1vACLcBGAs/s640/bab-al-bahrain.gif" width="640" /></a><br />
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">Bab Al Bahrain</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (</span>Arabic<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="ar" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" xml:lang="ar">باب البحرين</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">Bāb al-Baḥrayn</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> literally </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">Gateway of Bahrain</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">) is a historical building located in the Customs Square in </span>Manama's former central business district<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. It marks the main entrance to the </span>Manama Souq<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Designed by </span>Sir Charles Belgrave<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, adviser to the Emir and completed in 1949,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Bab Al Bahrain once stood close to the water's edge. Due to extensive land reclamation in the later years, the sea is located a few kilometres north.</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sS1k-eubhNQ/Wg6z1oa6KbI/AAAAAAAAMeI/kM_DTQy_O1MdalrVJprEoFHCkroAkk_CACLcBGAs/s1600/DSC01008.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sS1k-eubhNQ/Wg6z1oa6KbI/AAAAAAAAMeI/kM_DTQy_O1MdalrVJprEoFHCkroAkk_CACLcBGAs/s320/DSC01008.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-weight: bold;">FACING THE BAHRAIN FINANCIAL HARBOUR </b><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><br /><br />Government Avenue, which runs alongside Bab Al Bahrain, and the new highway that leads to the causeway to the </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"> were built on reclaimed land. The </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Bahrain Financial Harbour</span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"> has been constructed on further reclaimed land.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-skdT8a4LZy0/Wg61mGSUXpI/AAAAAAAAMeU/9wZLpuIYN0M9deho4bZjHui8E-6lZyPygCEwYBhgL/s1600/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-skdT8a4LZy0/Wg61mGSUXpI/AAAAAAAAMeU/9wZLpuIYN0M9deho4bZjHui8E-6lZyPygCEwYBhgL/s320/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><br /><br /><br /><br />BACKSIDE VIEW</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br />The monument itself was refurbished in 1986 to incorporate </span>Islamic architectural<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> features.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The monument essentially consists of a huge arch, below which runs a road, which is often referred to as the entrance to the Manama souq (marketplace).</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CgVb501HlVE/Wg63mRpwnQI/AAAAAAAAMeg/-ST0EshCj0UoVFWCS_FgBUPJggdwvTT5QCLcBGAs/s1600/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CgVb501HlVE/Wg63mRpwnQI/AAAAAAAAMeg/-ST0EshCj0UoVFWCS_FgBUPJggdwvTT5QCLcBGAs/s320/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>PHOTO GALLERY</b><br />
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The photo gallery under the archway shows images showing the remarkable transition of the monument through the ages.</div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s27CuS1b8_M/Wg66trkd4gI/AAAAAAAAMes/8Zl9jlV2pjw0Xt4tHJSyCHAQaFcRxvPuQCLcBGAs/s1600/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s27CuS1b8_M/Wg66trkd4gI/AAAAAAAAMes/8Zl9jlV2pjw0Xt4tHJSyCHAQaFcRxvPuQCLcBGAs/s400/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Today, the ground floor now houses the </span><span style="text-align: justify;">tourist information office</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> and a handicrafts shop. This visitors' center serves as a valuable source of information regarding cultural tourism sites around Bahrain, and houses a display of archaeological artefacts.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hFvQ-noB4CI/Wg68KWfSXuI/AAAAAAAAMfA/VpvvO-EmlWQzFnhrK5Jte9Au0kVt0kcBgCLcBGAs/s1600/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1600" height="236" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hFvQ-noB4CI/Wg68KWfSXuI/AAAAAAAAMfA/VpvvO-EmlWQzFnhrK5Jte9Au0kVt0kcBgCLcBGAs/s640/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U_c_Tra0Nr4/Wg69deb-7dI/AAAAAAAAMfI/CM8vbVdTb5UUUk7_bdWJEiBBKAVqKTmAgCLcBGAs/s1600/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U_c_Tra0Nr4/Wg69deb-7dI/AAAAAAAAMfI/CM8vbVdTb5UUUk7_bdWJEiBBKAVqKTmAgCLcBGAs/s640/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B8.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Within proximity near the monument are major banks and business establishments. Recent addition is the 26 storey Rotana Hotel - shown in the background.</span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eKRTqFrQBYA/Wg7G_ysIu4I/AAAAAAAAMfY/hSbj-lTTqAkvSmUr1XeqT4zGv16HqluiQCLcBGAs/s1600/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="597" data-original-width="1600" height="238" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eKRTqFrQBYA/Wg7G_ysIu4I/AAAAAAAAMfY/hSbj-lTTqAkvSmUr1XeqT4zGv16HqluiQCLcBGAs/s640/BAB%2BAL%2BBAHRIAN%2B11.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">My visit to Bab Al Bahrain (2015)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: x-large; text-align: center;">BEIT AL QUR'AN</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DCei102iKFg/Wg8ykFPu0nI/AAAAAAAAMfo/CJ6u0wrAEg4sZ6zRi3E998Q0rzez3Wa6wCLcBGAs/s1600/bait-al-quran.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1155" data-original-width="1600" height="460" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DCei102iKFg/Wg8ykFPu0nI/AAAAAAAAMfo/CJ6u0wrAEg4sZ6zRi3E998Q0rzez3Wa6wCLcBGAs/s640/bait-al-quran.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: right;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">Beit Al Qur'an</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> (</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">: </span><span dir="rtl" lang="ar" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" xml:lang="ar">بيت القرآن</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, meaning: the </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: start;">House of Qur'an</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">) is a unique museum, nestled within a magnificent building decorated with inscriptons of Arabic calligraphy. This site showcases a significant collection of Quranic manuscripts and scriptures dating back to the seventh centurry. The museum hosts an exhibitinal space for islamic teaching.</span><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QdDxYRidZIU/Wg86r3sExgI/AAAAAAAAMgI/0N7jDNMWsv4TSEdufIDSTYT7GbNJIdhmACLcBGAs/s1600/beit%2Balquran2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QdDxYRidZIU/Wg86r3sExgI/AAAAAAAAMgI/0N7jDNMWsv4TSEdufIDSTYT7GbNJIdhmACLcBGAs/s400/beit%2Balquran2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: right;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The complex's exterior designs are based on an old fashioned 12th-century mosque.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BNA_7-1" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-align: start; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beit_Al_Quran#cite_note-BNA-7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The entire complex itself comprises a mosque, a library, an auditorium, a madrasa, and a museum that cons</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ists of ten exhibition halls. A large stained glass dome covers the grand hall and mosque.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-36cbPTdNkTQ/Wg84q2K7IxI/AAAAAAAAMgA/N-p6uLjmu7MN_I3gUzhEbwBL1ee9s-raQCEwYBhgL/s1600/beit%2Balquran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-36cbPTdNkTQ/Wg84q2K7IxI/AAAAAAAAMgA/N-p6uLjmu7MN_I3gUzhEbwBL1ee9s-raQCEwYBhgL/s640/beit%2Balquran.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px;">My visit to Beit Al Qur'an (2015).</span></span></div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-29257147617084904972016-05-21T01:56:00.000-07:002016-05-21T01:56:22.676-07:00North America<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sent from continent of origin. Thank you Amy.</td></tr>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1184774977264412031.post-67000107250137717382016-05-18T13:11:00.000-07:002018-06-11T11:34:07.909-07:00Islamic Architecture<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C2H_S_vedtY/Vyb0TkVJKQI/AAAAAAAAKhw/fQ2vLCQqS0gScTiuGvunKkBC9wu0LgFFwCLcB/s1600/taj%2Bmahal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="278" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-C2H_S_vedtY/Vyb0TkVJKQI/AAAAAAAAKhw/fQ2vLCQqS0gScTiuGvunKkBC9wu0LgFFwCLcB/s640/taj%2Bmahal.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Islam means "surrender" , reflecting the believer's duty to submit to the will of God. (Allah) as interpreted in the Koran (Qur'an), the sacred book of his revelations to the prophet Muhammed (c. AD 570-632).</div>
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From its source in Arabia, islam spread rapidly through a combination of religious fervous and military might. Within three centuries the Middle East from Egypt to Mesopotamia was conquered, and the religion had penetrated along the North coast of Africa and into Spain. The main religious centres were Mecca, the prophet's birthplace, and Medina, to which he fled from enemies in 622, first year of the Muslim calendar. Under the Umayyad dynasty (661-750) the chief city of the caliphs (spiritual and political successors to Muhammed) was moved to Damascus.<br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9JP7qNLs_M8/V0NgJVhGHjI/AAAAAAAAKps/OPgaEA0XNWsmH2mzW1rOIJu8GP9f95KAwCLcB/s1600/DOME%2BOF%2BTHE%2BROCK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9JP7qNLs_M8/V0NgJVhGHjI/AAAAAAAAKps/OPgaEA0XNWsmH2mzW1rOIJu8GP9f95KAwCLcB/s640/DOME%2BOF%2BTHE%2BROCK.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The 7th century Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, is the earliest great Muslim building in existence. In this period too the mosque acquired its basic form, to be developed in various ways throughout the Muslim world.<br />
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After the 10th century, the power structure of Islam was under the control of a succession of Turkish groups. The Seljuks, prolific builders, ruled from central Anatolia. In 1453 the Ottomans completed their conquests of the Byzantine Empire by taking Constantinople, and by 1600 much of south-east Europe, west Asia and north Africa was under their sway. The 16th century saw the creation of the Persian Safavid dynasty (1501-1732), while in India the northern states were unified under the Mughal Emperors (1526-1858), whose Indo-Islamic style reached its climax in the Taj Mahal. The architecture of Moorish Spain (8th-15th century) is notable for its opulent decoration.<br />
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<span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: red; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.2px; text-align: left;">DISCLAIMER: </span><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18.2px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">All text from this blog entry are taken from the book </span><i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">The Story of Architecture</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"> by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Nuttgens" style="color: #7d181e; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; text-decoration: none;">Patrick Nuttgens</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span><br />
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<b><br />MOSQUES</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Mosques - meeting places of the Faithful structurally inspired by Muhammed's house at Medina - generally had the following features : a spacious courtyard containing a tank or fountain for ablutions; a decorated niche (mihrab) in a wall oriented to Mecca (qibla); a pulpit (minbar) to the right of the mihrab; a screened enclosure protecting the prayer leader; and one or more minarets from which the muezzin called believers to prayer 5 times a day.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The 7th-11th century was the age of the great congregational or Friday, mosques, with courtyards enclosed by flat-roofed porticoes to give protection from the sun, the deep one fronting the qibla wall forming a domed or multi-domed sanctuary. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><b style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2px; text-align: left;"><br />MADRASA</b><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">With the 12th century came the emergence (fostered by the Seljuks in Anatolia and Iran and the Ayubbids in Egypt) of the madrasa: a colegiate mosque in which the porticoes were replaced by huge vaulted halls (iwans). Madrasas were sometimes linked with domed mausolea in a single complex. Instead of brick, ashlar masonry was now often used in some areas, sometimes with alternating light and dark courses. In the mid-16th century, the Ottomans developed a monumental type of mosque based partly on the Byzantine church of Santa Sophia, Istanbul.</span><br />
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l0pI0yJ85Fw/VzQz7fZO7WI/AAAAAAAAKj4/Sczrl7gSA5EbszAPwYZAVSBeOVihb4W9ACLcB/s1600/sher-dor-madrasa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-l0pI0yJ85Fw/VzQz7fZO7WI/AAAAAAAAKj4/Sczrl7gSA5EbszAPwYZAVSBeOVihb4W9ACLcB/s640/sher-dor-madrasa.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Sher-dor madrasa is one of the three madrasas built in the Registan in Samarkand of the Timurid dynasty now in Uzbekistan. In the 17th century the ruler of Samarkand, Yalangfush Bakhodur, ordered its construction together with the Tilya-Kori madrasa. The tiger mosaics on the face of each madrasa are interesting. In fact they flout the ban in Islam of the depiction of living beings on religious buildings.<br />
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<b style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2px; text-align: left;">OTHER BUILDING TYPES</b><br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">A typically Islamic building type is the caravanserai: an inn often lavishly furbished, for traders and pilgrims. It often too the form of rectangular walled enclosure pierced by a wide portal. Similar in structure is the ribat, a kind of fortified monastery. Hunting-palaces, the speciality of the Umayyad caliphs, were built in a variety of styles. Houses were inward looking in design and planned to facilitate seclusion of women.</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2px;">ORNAMENT</b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18.2px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Surfaces were often mantled in decoration, brickwork, carved stucco, inlaid marble or lavish polychrome tilework perfected in Iran and Turkey in the 16th -17rth century. Since figurative representation was banned in religious art, decorative energy was channeled into geometric, arabesque and calligraphic motifs. Arches, often horseshoe, trefoil or multiform, sometimes had joggled (i.e. interlocking) voussoirs of alternate colours. A common embellishment was superimposed tiers of complecxly articulated arches forming a stalactite (muqarnas) vault.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="color: red; font-size: x-large; line-height: 18.2px;">I R A N</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Seljuks from central Asia brought a more three-dimensional approach to Iranian architecture, and in the 11th-12th century evolved cylindrical minarets, geometrically patterned brickwork and the 4-iwan madrasa. After the mid 13th century under the Monguls and Timurids, buildings became more highly coloured and in the Safayid period mainly 16th-17th century vast areas were covered with glazed tiles, either in mosaics or individually patterned with several hues.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2px; text-align: left;">ISFAHAN</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The Safayid capital of Isfahan is dominated by the turquise-blue domes of its mosques. The Masjid-Shah (Royal Mosque; 1612-37), the city's largest building, shows off Safayid tilework at its most exquisite. Entrance portal wit muqarnas is in the centre of south side of main square, but mosque itself is angled towards Mecca.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The chef jewels of the Friday mosque (8th-17th century) are two 11th centruy domed chambers, both by deep iwans, at either end of the arched court. The so-called "Brown Dome" contains some of Iran's finest Seljuk brickwork.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Also at Isfahan: Mosque of the Shaykh Lurfllah (1617); Ali Qapu Palace (early 17th century); Khwaju Bridge (mid 17th century).</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; line-height: 18.2px; text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif;">OTHER BUILDINGS </b><br /><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Mosque of Gawhar Shad, Mashad, 1419 is fine example of Timurid tile-mosaic; first mosque to have pair of minarets flanking iwan rather than rising from parapets. Oldest mosque in Iran is Tarik Khana Mosque, Damghan (8th century).</span></span><br />
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The building styles of the Seljuk Turks (12th-13th century) were exploited by their Ottoman successors for half a century, until the Ottomans evolved their own style of mosque, partly inspired by Santa Sophia, Constantinople.<br />
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In Seljuk architecture superb carving is balanced against ashlar masonry. In mosque the domed hall was emphasized.<br />
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The Ince Minare Madrasa (Madrasa of the Slender Minaret), Konya (c. 1260-65) has a superb iwan portal. Also at Konya: the Buyuk Karatay Madrasa (1251).<br />
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Other buildings: Shifte Minare Madrasa, Erzurum (1253), with typical Seljuk tomb-tower; caravanserai, Aksaray (1229).<br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">The Ottoman mosque, austerely geometrical, was grandly and harmoniously designed, with domed interior, pillared forecourt, subsidiary buildings and slender minarets. Tilework reached a peak in the 16th-17th century. Greatest architect was Sinan (c. 1489-1588), whose buildings are well represented at Istanbul. His first major work, the Shehzade Mosque (mid 16th century), is among earliest to have pencil-like minarets. Large central dome abutted by 4 half-domes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">Sinan's complex of Sokollu Mehmet Pasha (1572) is cleverly adapted to uneven site (superb tilework, finest over minbar), while his Suleymaniye complex (1550-7), rivalling St. Sophia, is a vast civic centre with over 500 domes.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">Final phase of classic Ottoman style is reached in the Mosque of Sultan Ahmet (early 17th century), with 6 minarets. Also at Istanbul; Topkapi Palace with Chinili Kiosk (1473).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">At Edirne, the old capital, are the early Uch Sherefeli Mosque (1438-47), and the Selimiye complex, regarded by Sinan as his masterpiece; 4 soaring minarets.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br />CENTRAL ASIA</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">Central Asia's finest Muslim architecture, built in baked brick, is embellished with a wealth of glazed tiles.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><b style="font-family: verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2px;">TOMBS AND MOSQUES</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">The Tomb of the Samanids, Bukhara (10th century), USSR (now in Uzbekistan), one of Islam's earliest monumental tombs, has brick work with basket-weave ornamentation. Finest tilework of the region is at Samarkand, especially on the tombs of the Shah-I-Zinda and Gur Emir complexes (14th-15th century). Latter has curious ribbed dome which stands on a high drum. The basic plan of courtyard with minaret at each corner was later adopted in India. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #252525;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 22.4px;">Named after Turabek-Khanum, the wife of Kutlug-Timur (ruled between 1321 and 1336), this structure is located at the northern part of ancient Gurgench. It is remarkable for its elegant design and stunning tile decoration, and it is a highly sophisticated work of architecture, both in its conceptualisation of spaces and in its engineering. Both are fully utilised in a conscious way to achieve a visual, aesthetic and spiritual effect. </span></span><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The original building was composed of two chambers: a large domed hall and a smaller one behind it. The large chamber is twelve-sided on the exterior and hexagonal on the interior, being preceded by an entrance portal and a vestibule.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">One of the most impressive architectural features of the mausoleum is the circular dome covering the main hall, whose surface is covered in colourful mosaic which forms intricate ornamental patterns consisting of flowers and stars, creating a visual metaphor for the heavens. No comparable contemporary parallels can be found at Urgench, as some of the architectural features, such as the decorations mentioned above, do not appear in other monuments built during the lifetime of Turabek-Khanum, around 1330. Thus, it is difficult to date the building so early. These features do, however, appear in Central Asia later, during the reign of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Timur">Timur</a>, a warlord of Turco-Mongol descent. New technologies, such as mosaic faience, show up in Timur's earliest buildings, such as the Aq Saray palace in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrisabz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a>, in Uzbekistan, which was begun in 1379 but was still unfinished in 1404.</span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oKqwjcyxMF4/WBBdjmVAJ5I/AAAAAAAALtI/sflG7t0Tb8w8NXabJKgtybd8QfCxRCtswCLcB/s1600/KHOJA%2BAHMED%2BYASAWI%2BMAUSOLEUM.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-oKqwjcyxMF4/WBBdjmVAJ5I/AAAAAAAALtI/sflG7t0Tb8w8NXabJKgtybd8QfCxRCtswCLcB/s640/KHOJA%2BAHMED%2BYASAWI%2BMAUSOLEUM.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525;">The construction of the mausoleum provided important advances in building technology, displaying unsurpassed records of all kinds in terms of its vaulted constructions and artistic innovations. The achievements derived from the mausoleum's erection, together with the Timurids' patronage of music, calligraphy, Persian miniature painting, literature, and various scientific pursuits, gave birth to a distinct Islamic artistic style, to be known as Timurid.</span></div>
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The spacious structure employed a radially symmetrical plan for spatial arrangement. The visual balance created by the precise construction became a characteristic aesthetic feature of Timurid buildings-one which would famously be adopted by the Mughal Architecture of India, especially in the gardens and structures of Humayun's Tomb and Taj Mahal, both commissioned by descendants of Timur.</div>
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6dZ3g458f3Y/Vz__EaYPmvI/AAAAAAAAKlo/NoERzi8me_4yqcCQ8VCARHuT_Kfxv3EPQCLcB/s1600/Sugong%2BTower.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6dZ3g458f3Y/Vz__EaYPmvI/AAAAAAAAKlo/NoERzi8me_4yqcCQ8VCARHuT_Kfxv3EPQCLcB/s640/Sugong%2BTower.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>Sugong Tower</b> or popularly know as Emin Minaret was constructed by local craftsmen using local materials and is located in Turfan, Xinjiang, China. The structure itself is made of wood </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;">and brick</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;">. It is an elegant, circular, tapered Islamic dome</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;">, with a diameter over 14 meters (46 feet) at its base and tapering to 2.8 meters at the top.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;"> The exterior is of sun-dried yellow bricks that narrow in shape as the tower rises. The richly textured bricks are carved into intricate, repetitive, geometric</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;"> and floral mosaic</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;"> patterns, such as stylized flowers and rhombuses</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;">. This mixture of Chinese </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;">and Islamic features is seen only in minarets in China. The unique geometric patterns are characteristic of Islamic architecture and have no counterparts in the architecture of China other than in Muslim structures. Positioned in the tower are several long, narrow windows at different heights and facing different directions that provide light and ventilation.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; line-height: 13.3333px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The minaret has no stories. Inside, the spiraling internal support serves as a winding 72-step staircase to the top. </span><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br />INDIA AND PAKISTAN</span></span><br />
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The earliest mosques of India, built in Delhi and Ajmer at the end of the 12th century, were converted Hindu and Jain temples. The Indo-Islamic style of the 13th century, which continued to use brackets and corbelling in the native mode, was eclipsed under the Mughal Empire (1526-1858), whose architecture progressed from early eclecticism to an emphatically Persian manner. The most enlightened patrons were Akbar (1556-1605), who favoured red sandstane, and his grandson Shah Jihan, whose bulbous-domed monuments in white marble were effectively combined with water gardens.</div>
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<span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.2px;">DELHI</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Qutb Minar minaret at 72.5 meter high</span></td></tr>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><br />At Delhi stands the first great Indo-Islamic mosque; the Quwwat Al-Islam Mosque (begun c. 1197). Its domed gateway (1305) has non-indigenous squinches and voussoirs, and the horseshoe arches, with spearhead-shaped undersides that were to become typical of Delhi. Adjacent Qutb Minar minaret (1199) is very lofty: height of 72.5 meter.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">Humayun's Tomb (1565), an early jewel of Mughal Delhi,marks infiltration of pure styles from Iran and Central Asia. Symmetrical composition on aracaded podium. Red sandstone beautifully picked out in white marble inlay. The fortified Tomb of Ghiyath Ad-Din Tughluq (1325) has sloping walls that were later a hallmark of Indo-Islamic building.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">Also at Delhi: Friday Mosque (1644-58); Shah Jihan's Red Fort (1638), with bulbous domes and multifoil arches. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0dAxuitOChQ/WTk8TP-NXnI/AAAAAAAAMQU/xqt62gjC3VIiOe18psZwdZvXpSMrltvNQCLcB/s1600/Humayun-Tomb-Complex.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1097" height="640" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0dAxuitOChQ/WTk8TP-NXnI/AAAAAAAAMQU/xqt62gjC3VIiOe18psZwdZvXpSMrltvNQCLcB/s640/Humayun-Tomb-Complex.gif" width="438" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><b><br />HUMAYUN'S TOMB</b>. <br /><br />The symmetrical and simple designed is in sharp contrast with the interior floor plan, of inner chambers, which is a square 'ninefold plan', where eight two-storyed vaulted chambers radiate from the central, double-height domed chamber. It can be entered through an imposing entrance iwan (high arc) on the south, which is slightly recessed, while others are covered with intricate jaalis, stone lattice work. Underneath this white dome in a domed chamber (hjra), lies the central octagonal sepulcher, the burial chamber containing a single cenotaph, that of the second Mughal Emperor, Humayun aligned on the north-south axis, as per Islamic tradition, wherein the head is placed to north, while the face is turned sideways towards Mecca.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fefdfa; color: #333333; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: justify;"><br /><br /><br /><br />TOMB OF ILTUTMISH</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><br />Located at the Qutb Complex, it has a rich interior and plain exterior which are the highlights of this tomb. The tomb is quite simple but its entrance is intricately carved with geometrical and arabesque patterns. There are some Hindu motifs too though - like wheels, the lotus, diamonds and so on.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><b style="color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">JAMA MASJID</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. It is one of the largest mosques in India. The mosque was completed in 1656 AD with three great gates, four towers and two 40 m high minarets contsructed of strips of red sandstone and white marble. The courtyard can accomodate more than 25,000 persons. There are three domes on the terrace which are surrounded bythe two minarets. On the floor, a total of 899 borders are marked for worshippers.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <b>Red Fort</b> was the residence of the Mughal emperor for nearly 200 years, until 1857. It is located in the centre of Delhi and houses a number of museums. In addition to accommodating the emperors and their households, it was the ceremonial and political centre of Mughal government and the setting for events critically impacting the region.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; line-height: 22.4px;">Constructed in 1648 by the fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as the palace of his fortified capital Shajahanabad, the Red Fort is named for its massive enclosing walls of red sandstone and is adjacent to the older Salimgarh Fort, built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546. The imperial apartments consist of a row of pavilions, connected by a water channel known as the Stream of Paradise (<i>Nahr-i-Behisht</i>). The fort complex is considered to represent the zenith of Mughal creativity under Shah Jahan and although the palace was planned according to Islamic prototypes, each pavilion contains architectural elements typical of Mughal buildings that reflect a fusion of Timurid and Persian traditions.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>Diwa-i-Am</b>,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> or Hall of Audience, located in the Red Fort</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> of Delhi was where the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">(1628-1658) and his successors received members of the general public and heard their grievances.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">The proportions of this hall, of its columns, and of the engraved arches show high aesthetics and fine craftsmanship. With an impressive façade of nine engraved arch openings, the hall was ornamented with gilded and white shell lime <i>chunam</i> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">plaster work.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">Its ceiling and columns were painted with gold.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: 18.2px;">AGRA AND FATEHPUR SIKRI</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">Agra's Taj Mahal (1632-54), greatest Mughal tomb, houses Shah Jihan and his favourite wife behind delicate marble screen. Central octagonal chamber on podium with 4 minarets at corners. Facades have huge Persian-style iwans. White marble exterior decorated with pietra dura (a form of inlay work). A sublimely beautiful building. Also at Agra: Tomb of I'timad ad Dawla.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">Fatehpur Sikro (1569-74) is great sandstone capital built by Akbar (abandoned 1585). Mughal architecture at most eclectic in palaces, colonnades and porticoes, asymmetrically planned.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>TAJ MAHAL</b>. The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal. It is a large, white marble structure standing on a square plinth </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> and consists of a symmetrical building with an <i>iwan</i></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> (an arch-shaped doorway) topped by a large dome and <i>finial</i>.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> Like most Mughal tombs, the basic elements are Persian in origin.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><b style="color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">TOMB OF ITIMAD-UD-DAULAH.</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> It is a Mughal Mausoleum in the city of Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Often described as a "jewel box". sometimes called the "Baby Taj". It is often regarded as a draft of the Taj Mahal.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cxnR8GlyTBc/V6r3iGGlNXI/AAAAAAAALM0/mIBJVFl0y4UZHO4EWkmw-0aosWr0-UHTgCLcB/s1600/buland%2Bdarwaza.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-cxnR8GlyTBc/V6r3iGGlNXI/AAAAAAAALM0/mIBJVFl0y4UZHO4EWkmw-0aosWr0-UHTgCLcB/s640/buland%2Bdarwaza.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><b style="color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">BULAND DARWAZA</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. or the "Gate of Magnificence", was built in 1576 A.D. by Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujarat. It is the main entrance to the palace of Fatehpur Sikri, a town which is 43 km from Agra, India.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><b style="line-height: 22.4px;">TOMB OF AKBAR THE GREAT. BULAND DARWAZA</b><span style="color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. It is an important Mughal architecture masterpiece, built 1605-1613, set in 48 Ha (119 acres) of grounds in Sikandra, a suburb of Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. The tomb building is a four-tiered pyramid, surmounted by a marble pavilion containing the false tomb. The true tomb, as in other mausoleums, is in the basement.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The tombs form a large cluster and stand on a raised platform. The tombs are domed structures built on a square base surrounded by pointed arches, a distinctive style that blends <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_architecture" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Persian architecture">Persian</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu forms</a>. The tombs are structures with intricately carved stonework and are surrounded by landscaped gardens.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombs" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Tombs">tombs</a> were once furnished with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpets" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Carpets">carpets</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandeliers" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Chandeliers">chandeliers</a> and velvet canopies on silver poles. Copies of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a></i> were kept on pedestals and readers recited verses from the holy book at regular intervals. Golden spires were fitted over the tombs of the sultans to distinguish their tombs from those of other members of the royal family.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;">The Tomb of Shir Shah Sur, Sasaram (c. 1540) uses octagonal form to perfection. Lahore, Pakistan Wazir Khan Mosque (1634), with superb tile-mosaics; Jihangir's Tomb (1627); Badshahi Mosque (1673-4).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The building is an octagon, 51 feet 9 inches in diameter internally, with walls 41 feet 4 inches high and 13 feet 3 inches thick, supported at the angles by sloping towers. Above this is a second octagon, 25 feet 8 inches high, then another at 26 feet 10 inches high. There is a narrow passage all around the top of the lower storey for the Moazzan, or public caller to prayers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">This structure is surmounted by a hemispherical dome 58 feet externally in diameter. The total height of the building is 100 feet, including a plinth of 3 feet. As it stands on the high ground, the total height above the road level is 150 feet.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The mausoleum is built entirely of red brick, bounded with beams of shisham wood, which have turned black over the centuries. The exterior is elaborately ornamented with glazed tile panels, string-courses and battements. The colours used are dark blue, azure, and white, which contrast the deep red finely polished bricks.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mxEktDy6gC4/VzOXn6fVhwI/AAAAAAAAKjk/RerhZLm_VwAU4eGRzHOo7lMjG1R_p9JwQCLcB/s1600/Jahangir%2527s%2BTomb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-mxEktDy6gC4/VzOXn6fVhwI/AAAAAAAAKjk/RerhZLm_VwAU4eGRzHOo7lMjG1R_p9JwQCLcB/s640/Jahangir%2527s%2BTomb.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">The mausoleum is a building with one floor. The ground floor has a square shape. Its structure consists of a platform with a tall, octagonal tower and a projecting entrance in the middle of each side. The exterior of the mausoleum, including the lowest stage of the towers, is clad with red sandstone facing with rich panel decoration inlaid with marble decorative motifs. The four corners of the tower, with the white marble cupolas, rise in five stages to a height of 100 feet (30m) with a zigzag inlay of white and yellow marble. The building is divided into a series of vaulted compartments. The interior is embellished with floral frescoes with delicate inlay work and marble of various colours.</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lL96j9Dznh4/V0Nh_epQWmI/AAAAAAAAKp4/Eg38OYQAXeUWQ13phRG5RCQwunWWTZGqACLcB/s1600/SHAH%2BJAHAN%2BMOSQUE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lL96j9Dznh4/V0Nh_epQWmI/AAAAAAAAKp4/Eg38OYQAXeUWQ13phRG5RCQwunWWTZGqACLcB/s640/SHAH%2BJAHAN%2BMOSQUE.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">Shah Jahan Mosque</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> is located in Thatta, Sindh </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">province, Pakistan.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">The mosque was built in 1647, during the reign of Mughal King Shah Jahan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, as a gift to the people of Sindh for their hospitality .</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8xeTOb49Nzk/WiJvCO6OBHI/AAAAAAAAMnQ/9bpxky5uYzE2PEQBKwPTXN-zFJDl9CrLwCLcBGAs/s1600/Shah%2BJahan%2BMosque.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1325" data-original-width="1600" height="528" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-8xeTOb49Nzk/WiJvCO6OBHI/AAAAAAAAMnQ/9bpxky5uYzE2PEQBKwPTXN-zFJDl9CrLwCLcBGAs/s640/Shah%2BJahan%2BMosque.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The mosque features extensive brickwork laid in geometric patterns, which is a decorative element unusual for Mughal era mosques,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and is an element of Timurid architecture adopted for use in the mosque.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> The mosque's brickwork was also influenced by Sindhi vernacular styles, which in turn was influenced by Persian architecture.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> Brick work is most notable in the arcades surrounding the central courtyard, while concentric rings of brick are used to embellish the underside of peripheral domes.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_OYbPNm9CJE/Vyb0TFOQYYI/AAAAAAAAKhs/DPpdOPF9p5E0ml4ZBp3LqotzrDooy4ILQCLcB/s1600/shaj%2Bgambuj.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="528" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_OYbPNm9CJE/Vyb0TFOQYYI/AAAAAAAAKhs/DPpdOPF9p5E0ml4ZBp3LqotzrDooy4ILQCLcB/s640/shaj%2Bgambuj.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;">Sixty Dome Mosque</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;"> (more commonly known as </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;">Shait Gambuj Mosque</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;"> or </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: left;">Saith Gunbad Masjid) </i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">has walls of unusually thick, tapered brick in the Tughlaq </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">style and a hut-shaped roof line that anticipates later styles. The length of the mosque is 160 feet and width is 108 feet. There are 77 low domes arranged in seven rows of eleven, and one dome on each corner, bringing the total to 81 domes. There are four towers. Two of four towers were used to callazaan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. The interior is divided into many aisles </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">and bays </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> by slender columns, which culminate in numerous arches </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">that support the roof.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #fefdfa; line-height: 18.2px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><br />WESTERN NORTH AFRICA AND SPAIN</span></span><br />
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Architecture of the Aghlabid dynasty (800-909), at its best in Tunisia, had powerfully simple forms. Spanish and Moroccan Islamic architecture developed in isolation: the narrow structural vocabulary led to restless virtuosity in decoration. Horseshoe and multifoil arches and exaggerated muqarnas work was widely exploited. Minarets square and sturdy.</div>
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<b style="color: #333333; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 18.2px;">WESTERN NORTH AFRICA</b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 18.2px;">The Great Mosque, Qairouan (9th century), Tunisia, much rebuilt, is structurally the most influential building in North Africa.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 18.2px;">At Fez, Morocco, the Qarawiyyn Mosque (rebuilt 12th century) typifies the ornate decoration of the Almoravid period. The town's most monumental mosque is the Bu-Inaniyya Madrasa (1350-5). Also: Kutubiya Mosque, Marrakesh (12 century).</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.2px;">The most majestic structure of Cordoba, capital of Umayyad Spain is the Great Mosque (began 785), now a cathedral. Sanctuary is supported on a forest of columns.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 18.2px;">The Spanish liking for decorative multiplicity was given full rein at the Alhambra, Granada (1338-90), a vast fortified palace with staggering ornate ceramic, stucco and plaster work. Court of the Lions was used for public ceremonials, Court of the Myrtles for sovereign and entourage.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333;"><span style="line-height: 18.2px;">Also in Spain: Aljaferia Palace, Saragossa (11th century); Mosque of Mardum, Toledo (1000): Giralda, Seville (12th century)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">The Court of the Lions </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> (</span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Patio de los Leones</i><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">) is an oblong courtyard</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, 116 ft (35 m) in length by 66 ft (20 m) in width, surrounded by a low gallery supported on 124 white marble columns. A pavilion projects into the court at each extremity, with filigree walls and a light domed roof. The square is paved with coloured tiles and the colonnade with white marble, while the walls are covered 5 ft (1.5 m) up from the ground with blue and yellow tiles, with a border above and below of enamelled blue and gold. The columns supporting the roof and gallery are irregularly placed. They are adorned by varieties of foliage, etc.; about each arch there is a large square of stucco arabesques; and over the pillars is another stucco square of filigree work.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>Kota Kinabalu City Mosque.</b> The mosque sits on a 14.83-acre (6.00 ha) site at Pasir Road on the shores of Likas Bay, on the South China Sea</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. It is partially surrounded by a human-made lagoon; </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">this has given rise to the nickname "The Floating Mosque".</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-boats_5-0" style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 1; text-align: start; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu_City_Mosque#cite_note-boats-5" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration: none;">[5]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> It has a maximum capacity of 12,000 worshipers.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin Mosque.</b> The mosque's most recognizable feature - the main dome, is covered in pure </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Gold">gold</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. The mosque stands 52 m (171 ft) high and can be seen from virtually anywhere in Bandar Seri Begawan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. The main minaret </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">is the mosque's tallest feature. In a unique way it mixes Renaissance </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">and Italian architectural style. The minaret </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> has an elevator </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> to the top, where a visitor can enjoy a panoramic </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> view of the city.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="line-height: 22.4px;">Great Mosque of Central Java.</b><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> The mosque complex covers 10 hectares (25 acres). There are three central buildings arranged in the shape of a U, with the domed mosque at the centre; all buildings have pitched, tiled roofs, while the central mosque has four minarets. The central roof resembles the roof of a "joglo"</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">, the traditional Javanese house, and symbolises the rising steps toward heaven or to gain God's blessing. The long buildings forming the arms of the U house a library and auditorium respectively;</span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 22.4px;">the auditorium can hold up to 2,000 people.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In the central courtyard are six large hydraulically operated umbrellas, inspired by the ones at Al-Masjif al-Nabawi in Medina, which are used to protect worshipers; the six umbrellas represent the six tenets of iman.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Jame'asr Hassanil Bolkiah Mosque</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, located in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, is the largest </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Mosque">mosque</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> in Brunei.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> It was built to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the sultan's reign, and opened in 1994. It is known locally as the Kiarong mosque.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Ubudiah Mosque</b>- ranking high on the list of Malaysia's most beautiful mosques, the Masjid Ubudiah (or Ubudiah Mosque) stands proudly and majestically in Kuala Kangsar, with its golden dome and minarets creating a spellbinding sight, from near and afar. </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">This imposing structure is now a symbol of great pride to all Muslims in the state of Perak Darul Ridzuan, the Land of Grace.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start;">Kocatepe Mosque</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> is the largest mosque in Ankara,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> the capital of Turkey</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. It was built between 1967 and 1987 in the Kocatepe quarter in Kizilay</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, and its size and prominent situation have made it a landmark that can be seen from almost anywhere in central Ankara.</span></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">Sabanci Central Mosque</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> is built on the intersection of the main arteries, railway lines and roads that connect Adana to the surrounding cities and towns, has almost become the symbol of the city with its high minarets visible from almost anywhere in the city. The Mosque, which has a capacity to offer service to 28,500 people, is famous for being one of the biggest mosques in the Balkans and in the Middle East.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;"><b>Qol Sharif Mosque</b>. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">Originally, the mosque was built in the Kazan Kremlin </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">in the 16th century. It was named after Qolsarif</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, who served there. Qolşärif died with his numerous students while defending Kazan from Russian forces in 1552. It is believed that the building featured minarets, both in the form of cupolas and tents. Its design was traditional for Volga Bulgaria</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, although elements of early Renaissance</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> and Ottoman architecture could have been used as well. In 1552, during the storming of Kazan </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">it was destroyed by Ivan the Terrible</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">Since 1996 the mosque has been rebuilt in Kazan Kremlin</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, although its look is decisively modern.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>Sheikh Zayed Mosque, </b>its design has been inspired by Persian, Mughal and Moorish</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> mosque architecture, particularly the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> and the Hassan II Mosque</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> in Casablanca, Morocco being direct influences. The dome layout and floor plan of the mosque was inspired by the Badshahi Mosque and the architecture was inspired by Persian, Mughal and Moorish design. Its archways are quintessentially Moorish and its minarets classically Arab. The design of the mosque can be best described as a fusion of Arab</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, Persian, Mughal and Moorish architecture.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><br /><b>Sultan Abdul Samad Building</b>. Topped by a shiny copper dome and a 40m high clock tower, it is a major landmark in the city. It serves as the backdrop for important events such as the National Day Parade on 31 August and the ushering in of the New Year. This heritage building used to be occupied by the then Apex Court of Malaysia, </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courts_of_Malaysia" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Courts of Malaysia">the Supreme Court</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> which was subsequently renamed the Federal Court. The Court of Appeal was also housed in this historic building. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"><b>Mohammed V Mausoleum</b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> is a historical building located on the opposite side of the</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Tower" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Hassan Tower">Hassan Tower</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> on the </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub,_Almohad_Caliph" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Yaqub, Almohad Caliph">Yacoub al-Mansour</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> esplanade in </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Rabat">Rabat</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. It contains the tombs of the Moroccan king and his two sons, late </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Hassan II of Morocco">King Hassan II</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Moulay_Abdallah_of_Morocco" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Prince Moulay Abdallah of Morocco">Prince Abdallah</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;">. The building is considered a masterpiece of modern </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaouite_dynasty" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #0b0080; line-height: 22.4px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;" title="Alaouite dynasty">Alaouite dynasty</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 22.4px;"> architecture, with its white silhouette, topped by a typical green tiled roof, green being the color of Islam.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">One of the Bosnia and Herzegovina's most recognizable landmarks, it is also considered one of the most exemplary pieces of Islamic architecture in the Balkans</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> and was designed by Mimar Hayruddin, a student and apprentice of the famous architect Mimar Sinan.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">It is the oldest and one of the most renowned mosques</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> in the China, founded in 742</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> during the tang dynasty</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> (618-907).</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> However, the majority of the existing Xi’an Great Mosque was constructed during the Ming dynasty</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;"> and further expanded in the Qing dynasty</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22.4px;">Occupying an area of over 12,000 square meters, the Great Mosque is divided into four courtyards, 250 meters long and 47 meters wide with a well-arranged layout. Landscaped with gardens, the further one strolls into its interior, the more serene one feels.</span></div>
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Far From Overhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16745731309473980784noreply@blogger.com0